重新发现政府：政治哲学的人学考察

自然权利理论、人性假设逻辑和有限理性理念,共同构成政治哲学的人学基础。自然权利理论奠基于个人权利至上、权利让渡和有限政府三大递进原则,最终证成了“以权力制衡权力”和“以权利制约权力”的祛恶路径。基于人性善恶二重性在公共权力上的增殖发用,我们获得了政治哲学之道德判断基础;但无论哪种道德基础,其单向度发酵的政治哲学和政治实践,都是不自足和不完善的。对人类认知能力和智性范围的断限,创制出与无限理性理论和全能政府实践截然相反的有限理性认识论与有限政府运作模式。无论如何,在现实条件与现有框架下述论政治合法性问题乃至推进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化的伟大实践,必须以满足最广大人民群众的根本利益为最基本法度标尺。     

Second‐order bias‐corrected AIC in multivariate normal linear models under non‐normality

This paper deals with a bias correction of Akaike's information criterion (AIC) for selecting variables in multivariate normal linear regression models when the true distribution of observation is an unknown non‐normal distribution. It is well known that the bias of AIC is $O(1)$ , and there are a number of the first‐order bias‐corrected AICs which improve the bias to $O(n^{-1})$ , where $n$ is the sample size. A new information criterion is proposed by slightly adjusting the first‐order bias‐corrected AIC. Although the adjustment is achieved by merely using constant coefficients, the bias of the new criterion is reduced to $O(n^{-2})$ . Then, a variance of the new criterion is also improved. Through numerical experiments, we verify that our criterion is superior to others. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 39: 126–146; 2011 © 2011 Statistical Society of Canada     

论假设在侦查思维中的运用

假说 ,又称假设 ,就是根据已观察到的事实和已有的科学原理 ,对尚未认识到的现象的性质或发生原因做出的推测性解释。在司法实践中 ,假设是侦查人员破案工作不可或缺的一种智力手段和逻辑方法 ,侦查破案的过程就是一个不断提出假设和验证假设的过程。侦查人员是否善于提出假设 ,所提出的假设的科学性如何 ,都直接关系到侦破工作的成败、效率。因此 ,假设在刑事侦查工作中的作用尤其不可低估。     

Nonparametric testing for no covariate effects in conditional copulas

In dependence modelling using conditional copulas, one often imposes the working assumption that the covariate influences the conditional copula solely through the marginal distributions. This so-called (pairwise) simplifying assumption is almost standardly made in vine copula constructions. However, in recent literature evidence was provided that such an assumption might not be justified. Among the first issues is thus to test for its appropriateness. In this paper nonparametric tests for the null hypothesis of the simplifying assumption are proposed, and their asymptotic behaviours, under the null hypothesis and under some local alternatives, are established. The tests are fully nonparametric in nature: not requiring choices of copula families nor knowledge of the marginals. In a simulation study, the finite-sample size and power performances of the tests are investigated, and compared with these of the few available tests. A real data application illustrates the use of the tests.     

The proportional odds with partial proportionality constraints model for ordinal response variables

The proportional odds assumption in ordered logit models is a restrictive assumption that is often violated in practice. A violation of the assumption indicates that the effects of one or more independent variables significantly vary across cutpoint equations in the model. In order to relax this assumption for the cumulative odds model, researchers may use either a “partial” model that relaxes the assumption for a subset of variables or the “generalized” model that relaxes the assumption for every independent variable. In this paper, we propose a relatively new and under-utilized third alternative, the proportional odds with partial proportionality constraints (POPPC) model, which allows the effects of a subset of variables to vary across cutpoint equations by a common factor. We improve upon an earlier formulation of the POPPC model by offering an additional conceptual justification for the model and an estimation method that does not require the use of person-threshold data. We illustrate the POPPC model with two examples from the 2008 General Social Survey.     

财务内部控制研究

财务内部控制是一项十分重要的财务管理手段，这既是企业的一种特殊的管理过程，又可以形成特殊的企业文化。全面树立内部控制理念，培育和形成内部控制文化，对于加强企业内部控制管理具有特别重要的意义．     

Is there no “I” in “Team”? Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect in a Cournot competition experiment

Even though firms consist of teams of individuals, industrial organization experiments are typically conducted under the unitary player assumption with individuals representing firms. Against this practice, there is evidence that individuals’ decisions differ from those made by teams, and also from individuals’ decisions which affect both oneself and others. This study examines the empirical scope of the unitary player assumption (alternatively the “interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect”) in the context of a Cournot competition experiment. In the first, standard, experiment (216 participants), we find no evidence for the discontinuity effect. Output choices of both individuals and teams are around the Cournot outcome. In a second experiment (198 participants), we use a recommendation to shift participants’ initial disposition towards the (off-equilibrium) collusive output. This triggers the discontinuity effect; individuals choose lower outputs and collude more than teams. This effect is persistent in the second half of the experiment, and is not caused by team-member discussion or by seating team members together. We discuss the interpretations and implications of our results.     

环境保护法的人性假设——以生态文明建设为背景

人的问题是社会科学共同关注的问题,对"人"的不同观察视角和对人性的不同预设决定了不同学科的基本理论倾向。法律对于人性的假设包括对于人的本性的预先判定,也包括对人的行为目的的预设。环境法是因应生态危机而兴起的部门法,环境法的发展以生态文明为战略背景和最终目标。根据生态文明的要求和环境保护法的基本理念,将"生态人"视为环境保护法的基本人性假设是必然的。"生态人"假设对于环境法具有逻辑起点的意义,作为实践理性也可以对环境法规则进行价值判断、引导环境法制度设置和引导人们的行为。     

竞技体育伤害侵权责任及合理规避——以竞技规则为视角

竞技体育伤害侵权责任的构成要件包括违法行为、严重损害事实、违法行为与严重损害事实间的因果关系,重大过失或故意。而自甘风险则可适用于阻却一般过失行为的违法性,从而免除加害人侵权责任的承担。     

论当代先锋戏剧的创作实践——以孟京辉、林兆华为中心

80年代以来,中国话剧以“舞台假定性”为起点开始了新长征。在先锋试验的潮流中,以林兆华、孟京辉的探索最引人注目。孟京辉戏剧大都得力于拼贴、戏仿手段的利用;林兆华的过人之处则是对剧本“第二主题”的深度挖掘。他们对“假定性”的独特理解,极大地丰富了舞台创作语汇。