Comparative Potency Method for Cancer Risk Assessment: Application to Diesel Particulate Emissions1

An estimation of the human lung cancer “unit risk” from diesel engine particulate emissions has been made using a comparative potency approach. This approach involves evaluating the tumorigenic and mutagenic potencies of the particulates from four diesel and one gasoline engine in relation to other combustion and pyrolysis products (coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke) that cause lung cancer in humans. The unit cancer risk is predicated on the linear nonthreshold extrapolation model and is the individual lifetime excess lung cancer risk from continuous exposure to 1 μg carcinogen per m³ inhaled air. The human lung cancer unit risks obtained from the epidemiologic data for coke oven workers, roofing tar applicators, and cigarette smokers were, respectively, 9.3 × 10^?4, 3.6 × 10^?4, and 2.2 × 10^?6 per μg particulate organics per m³ air. The comparative potencies of these three materials and the diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulates (as organic extracts) were evaluated by in vivo tumorigenicity bioassays involving skin initiation and skin carcinogenicity in SENCAR mice and by the in vitro bioassays that proved suitable for this analysis: Ames Salmonella microsome bioassay, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis bioassay, and sister chromatid exchange bioassay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The relative potencies of the coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke emissions, as determined by the mouse skin initiation assay, were within a factor of 2 of those determined using the epidemiologic data. The relative potencies, from the in vitro bioassays as compared to the human data, were similar for coke oven and roofing tar, but for the cigarette smoke condensate the in vitro tests predicted a higher relative potency. The mouse skin initiation bioassay was used to determine the unit lung cancer risk for the most potent of the diesel emissions. Based on comparisons with coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke, the unit cancer risk averaged 4.4 × 10^?4. The unit lung cancer risks for the other, less potent motor-vehicle emissions were determined from their comparative potencies relative to the most potent diesel using three in vitro bioassays. There was a high correlation between the in vitro and in vivo bioassays in their responses to the engine exhaust particulate extracts. The unit lung cancer risk per μg particulates per m³ for the automotive diesel and gasoline exhaust particulates ranged from 0.20 × 10^?4 to 0.60 × 10^?4; that for the heavy-duty diesel engine was 0.02 × 10^?4. These unit risks provide the basis for a future assessment of human lung cancer risks when combined with human population exposure to automotive emissions.     

远程大气监测网络的信号与信道匹配及设计

研究了远程大气自动监测网络的信道、抗干扰和信号和与信道的匹配问题，介绍了该监测网的设计，讨论了远程设备的自动控制，以及远程通讯，可靠性等问题。     

变风量空调系统的末端及控制

对变风量（VAV）空调系统末端装置的工作原理与功能作了简要介绍。对具有代表性的VAV空调系统末端装置的结构作了说明。分析了VAV空调系统末端装置的控制功能及特点。     

空气压缩机站远程监控系统的研究与实现

为了实现大型运行设备群的远程监控,提出了基于以太网络的空气压缩机站远程监控系统设计方案。系统基于以太网络技术构成空气压缩机站信息传输网络体系,实现了空气压缩机运行过程的远程网络化监测与控制。通过该系统,能及时了解和观察关键设备的工作状态及各种运行参数,为设备的管理和维护提供了保障。论述了系统硬件的组成、实现方法以及专家系统在系统中的应用。最后就基于组态软件的系统应用软件的设计与开发进行了阐述。实际运行表明,系统运行稳定,操作方便,能有效减少设备维修量,保证了供风质量,达到了设计要求。     

空气处理过程自动分析软件的开发

介绍一个能对空气处理过程进行自动分析的计算机软件，该软件能生成湿空气的焓－湿图，显示空气处理过程，并对娄在动处理，为空调系统设备选择提供其础数据。     

航空客运收益管理的结构模型

本文分析了收益管理决策目标的组成要素以及内外主要因素;讨论了容量、价格和销售数量三个决策变量与市场需求要素之间的关系;具体地提出了达到收益管理目标可以采用的两条降低成本的途径和五种提高收入的基本方式;从系统的角度提出了集成性收益管理决策的结构模型。     

Estimating the Risks of Smoking, Air Pollution, and Passive Smoke on Acute Respiratory Conditions

Five years of the annual Health Interview Survey, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, are used to estimate the effects of air pollution, smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory restrictions in activity for adults, and bed disability for children. After adjusting for several socioeconomic factors, the multiple regression estimates indicate that an independent and statistically significant association exists between these three forms of air pollution and respiratory morbidity. The comparative risks of these exposures are computed and the plausibility of the relative risks is examined by comparing the equivalent doses with actual measurements of exposure taken in the homes of smokers. The results indicate that: (1) smokers will have a 55-75% excess in days with respiratory conditions severe enough to cause reductions in normal activity; (2) a 1 microgram increase in fine particulate matter air pollution is associated with a 3% excess in acute respiratory disease; and (3) a pack-a-day smoker will increase respiratory restricted days for a nonsmoking spouse by 20% and increase the number of bed disability days for young children living in the household by 20%. The results also indicate that the estimates of the effects of secondhand smoking on children are improved when the mother's work status is known and incorporated into the exposure estimate.     

论转型期的社会失范与社会控制

自改革开放以来，我国进入了全新的快速转型期。社会转型是社会结构的整体性变迁，是社会由传统型向现代型的转变过程：而社会失范是转型社会的必然现象。正确认识这一点，对于我们把握社会转型和社会控制具有重要的方法论意义。     

国际空难赔偿案件管辖权问题探究

随着航空运输迅速发展，国际空难赔偿案件日益增多，而每一起案件的解决都关系到管辖权问题。文章从区分国内空难案件与国际空难案件入手，对1929年华沙公约所规定的四种管辖权以及1999年蒙特利尔公约增加的第五种管辖权进行了分析，并在此基础上，探讨了中国法院确定国际空难赔偿案件管辖权的依据。