医疗侵权诉讼举证责任研究

《侵权责任法》明确了医疗侵权的过错归责原则,除特殊情形外,应当由原告承担过失的举证责任,从而最高人民法院《证据规定》确定的过错要件的举证责任倒置规定不再适用。德国的表见证明和英关法系国家的过失推论原则,在肯定医疗侵权过错责任的前提下,缓和了因信息不对称导致的原告过错要件举证负担的过重,而表见讧明更切合我国的实际。因果关系要件的举证仍沿用举证责任倒置,但举证责任倒置对医疗机构的诉讼压力过大,造成过度医疗的发生,有条件的因果关系推定更能保证举证责任在当事人之间的合理分配。     

Women’s experiences of care and support following perinatal death in high burden countries: A metasynthesis

ProblemThe experiences of women in low and middle-income countries following perinatal death remains difficult and challenging, thereby increasing their susceptibility to negative psychological impact particularly with insufficient bereavement care and support.BackgroundPerinatal death invariably brings intense grief which significantly impacts women, and requires adequate bereavement care to limit negative outcomes in the short and long-term.AimTo develop deeper understanding of women’s experience of care and support following perinatal death in high burden settings.MethodsSix electronic databases were searched with relevant terms established using the SPIDER tool, supplemented by hand search of reference lists. Studies were independently screened for inclusion by all authors. Meta-ethnography (Noblit and Hare,1988) was used to synthesise existing qualitative studies.FindingsEight studies conducted in Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries namely South Africa, Uganda, Ghana, Kenya, India and Malawi were included, and three main themes were identified; mothers’ reaction to their baby’s death, care and support after perinatal death, and coping strategies in the absence of care and support. Perinatal death was not appropriately acknowledged therefore care and support was inadequate and, in some cases, non-existent. Consequently, mothers resorted to adopting coping strategies as they were unable to express their grief.DiscussionThere is insufficient care and support for women following perinatal death in high burden settings.ConclusionsFurther research is required into the care and support being given by healthcare professionals and families in high burden settings, thereby ultimately aiding the development of guidance on perinatal bereavement care.     

网络服务提供者网络著作权侵权证明责任研究

通过对网络服务提供者进行界定，区分提供信息内容服务的网络服务提供者和提供技术服务的网络服务提供者，前者承担直接侵权责任，后者承担间接侵权责任和替代责任；进一步分析网络服务提供者直接侵权责任、间接侵权责任、替代责任的责任认定和侵权责任构成要件，以此来作为证明责任分配的基础。由此认为:第一，直接侵权责任构成要件包括行为、过错、损害和因果关系四要件，网络服务提供者仅就“合法来源”承担证明责任。第二，间接侵权责任构成要件包括行为、过错、损害和因果关系四要件，网络服务提供者就“过错”要件承担证明责任。第三，替代侵权责任构成要件包括行为、损害和因果关系，网络服务提供者不承担证明责任。第四，网络服务提供者就合理使用规则的两个判断要件承担证明责任。     

劳资关系中劳动者个人信息权的法律救济

劳动者的个人信息权是指劳动者对由用人单位收集或存储的，能够反映劳动者特征的具有可识别性的符号系统所享有的知悉、控制并排除他人侵害的权利。在劳动关系中劳动者处于弱势地位，其个人信息权受到用人单位知情权的制约，极易受到用人单位的侵害。劳动者的个人信息权义务主体为用人单位，内容与劳动合同的订立、履行或解除具有一定的相关性，由此可将其归属于劳动权范畴。通过劳动权救济模式比一般私权的救济模式更能保护劳动者的个人信息权。在此框架下，确立遵循利益衡量、最小损害、倾斜保护劳动者为劳动者个人信息权救济三原则。在责任构成要件上，主要考察侵权事实、侵害后果以及二者之间的因果关系，弱化对用人单位主观过错的要求。同时考虑到劳资双方的地位减轻劳动者的举证责任，完善行政投诉、劳动仲裁及劳动争议等多元救济途径，从实质上保障劳动者的个人信息权。