Entry Deterrence of Capacitated Competition Using Price and Non‐Price Strategies

We analyze the role of pricing and branding in an incumbent firm's decision when facing competition from an entrant firm with limited capacity. We do so by studying two price competition models (Stackelberg and Nash), where we consider the incumbent's entry‐deterrence pricing strategy based on a potential entrant's capacity size. In an extension, we also study a branding model, where the incumbent firm, in addition to pricing, can also invest in influencing market preference for its product. With these models, we study conditions under which the incumbent firm may block the entrant (i.e., prevent entry without any market actions), deter the entrant (i.e., stop entry with suitable market actions) or accommodate the entrant (i.e., allow entry and compete), and how the entrant will allocate its limited capacity across its own and the new market, if entry occurs. We also study the timing difference between the two different dynamics of the price competition models and find that the incumbent's first‐mover advantage benefits both the incumbent and the entrant. Interestingly, the entrant firm's profits are not monotonically increasing in its capacity even when it is costless to build capacity. In the branding model, we show that in some cases, the incumbent may even increase its price and successfully deter entry by investing in consumer's preference for its product. Finally, we incorporate demand uncertainty into our model and show that the incumbent benefits from demand uncertainty while the entrant may be worse off depending on the magnitude of demand uncertainty and its capacity.     

面向延时敏感患者的转诊系统定价与能力规划

针对我国当前社区医院首诊而后向上转诊系统中医疗资源利用严重失衡的现状,研究了我国医疗转诊系统的服务能力设计与定价问题.通过建立一个排队和博弈的集成模型,分析了延时敏感病人选择行为下,三甲医院以利润最大化、社区医院以服务人数最大化的不同目标的竞争均衡.发现社区医院的最优服务能力随政府的补贴递增、三甲医院的诊疗费在政府补贴超过某个阀值时开始下降.结果表明政府的补贴政策是医疗转诊体系优化设计中有效的协调机制.     

基于图像的空域隐藏算法研究

基于图像的信息隐藏技术是信息安全领域的一个重要分支,其中的空域信息隐藏算法因隐藏容量大,实现简单而得到广泛应用.研究了几种经典的基于图像的空域信息隐藏算法,从隐藏容量、隐藏失真变化率、抗检测性和鲁棒性等方面分析它们的性能.理论分析和仿真结果表明,HUGO和WOW算法的整体性能明显优于LSB、Patchwork算法,而WOW算法的隐藏失真变化率和抗检测性比HUGO算法好,但它的算法鲁棒性却比HUGO算法差.     

基于主成分分析和熵值法的高校科技创新能力评价

高校科技创新能力是评价高校在国家创新系统中地位和作用的重要依据,其评价体系与方法亟待完善。结合主成分分析和熵值法,以100余所"211"及省部共建的高校为研究对象,构建了高校科技创新能力评价指标体系,并对研究对象在2009年至2013年的科技创新绩效进行评价。基于主成分分析和熵值法模型的分析能兼顾主观和客观因素,对评价高校科技创新能力具有有效性和科学性。另外,针对目前科技发展存在校际和地区间不平衡问题,提出在构建高校科技创新能力评价体系中应引入质量因子等新指标,建议高校科技创新能力评价应根据不同发展阶段采用分类评价指标体系。     

论民主化背景下国家治理能力现代化的基础

国家治理能力现代化是指在经济、社会等方面现代化的前提下,政治主体运用公共权力及相应方式从国家和社会公共性的层面通过对社会公共事务的有效处理,以达到对国家和社会的有效管控和推进过程的能力。但民主化背景下的国家治理显示了其自身的特点,因为它面临着新的任务,即一方面必须积极回应公民要求政治参与的热情和需求,另一方面又要防止他们在要求民主平等的呼声中封闭在狭隘的自我世界中而导致公共精神的丧失。故此,在民主化背景下推进国家治理能力现代化就必须要解决好这一问题,其解决的关键就在于创造制度条件让公民进行自主治理并提升其自主治理的能力,它同时也是民主化社会中推进国家治理能力现代化的基础。     

Mortality modeling: A review

Looking at survival in terms of biological indicators of aging has given rise to various models of mortality, some of which we review here. The most notable models are that of Strehler and Mildvan, which relates the force of mortality to the ability of organisms to compensate for stress, and that of Sacher and Trucco, which describes the role played by homeostatic forces in shaping the age‐specific pattern of mortality. The analysis of longitudinal data in aging studies now incorporates the notions of heterogeneity and frailty, as well as that of changes in the “repair capacity”; of organisms. Furthermore, attention is now being paid to evolutionary theory and to models of senescence. These models and directions for further research are discussed.     

Make,buy or both? R&D strategy selection

The aim of this paper is to increase our knowledge of a firm's innovative behaviour by jointly analysing its internal resources, industry characteristics and appropriability conditions as drivers of its R&D strategy selection: make, buy and make-buy. Based on panel data (1992–2005) covering 1539 Spanish manufacturing firms, results show that firms lacking organisational resources and competing in stable markets prefer the buy strategy. Firms with a high level of technological resources that are immersed in high-tech industries are prone to selecting the make-buy strategy. Internationalised firms with high levels of appropriability prefer the make strategy.     

双过剩危机挑战银行应变能力

随着我国经济的高速增长和商业银行经营环境的变化,未来商业银行将面临产能过剩和流动性过剩的双重过剩危机,双过剩的二律背反将给商业银行的经营带来众多考验。银行只有积极、主动地转变自身业务经营模式,调整资产负债规模,开发有竞争力的金融创新产品,才能在金融全面开放的进程中稳步前进。     

中国移动3G与2G协调发展的系统动力学分析

3G牌照一旦发放,在未来几年内,中国移动将面临着同时运营两张移动网络的问题。对中国移动来讲,在3G与2G即将共存的过渡时期,协调2G和3G的发展,合理配置有限的资源,确定对3G的投资规模具有十分重要的意义。系统动力学的理论和建模方法是本文研究的基础,2G与3G的协调发展是本文研究的主要对象。2G与3G的协调发展体现在2G与3G的网络规模、用户数和年利润等方面。本文对各个子系统进行了具体分析,建立了因果关系图及流图,并建立了一系列的系统动力学方程。借助对模型仿真结果的初步分析,进一步阐明了各个要素之间的关系。通过对外生变量不断的调整,实现了对仿真模型的控制,最后,我们得出了较好的仿真结果。     

Limitations of working memory capacity: The cognitive and social consequences

This paper aimed to explore, from the perspective of cognitive psychology, the natural limitations of human cognition that determine our capabilities to deal with information overflow. These limitations are related mainly to the working memory system. This system is conceived to be composed of the storage components, which are responsible for active maintenance, and executive control that supervises the storage units. People differ in their working memory capacities, and because virtually every complex cognitive activity requires the temporal availability of a certain amount of cognitive representations, these differences are predictive of many outcomes. In the area of ‘cold’ cognition, these outcomes include intelligence and verbal reasoning, multitasking, language comprehension and verbal fluency, whereas in the area of ‘hot’ cognition, they include mentalising, stereotyping and self-control. Natural limitations in working memory capacity may be overcome (to some extent) through the training of working memory skills or the application of processing strategies (e.g. task simplification, using external environment as in situated or distributed cognition, changing a code of mental representation).