Charity Development in China An Overview

While benefiting from the wealth generated by economic reform, China has also faced increasing social and environmental problems. With the restructuring of state enterprises, the previous occupational-based welfare system has been abolished. To decentralize the state's role in social protection while tackling social problems, the Chinese government has tried to experiment with different social measures to diversify welfare financing and provisions. Included in the social experiments are non-governmental organizations and charities. This paper provides a critical analysis of the social context of China since its economic reform, which, we argue, paves the way for the current development of NGOs and charities. This overview of current development of NGOs and charities in China also highlights existing structural problems.     

论慈善公益组织的法律地位

在我国慈善事业中,政府对慈善公益组织的地位影响巨大,当前的慈善事业正处于从行政垄断型向开放市场型转变的阶段,转变的关键在于合理定位政府和慈善公益组织之间的关系.为了促进慈善公益组织的效率和透明度,一方面须明确慈善公益组织的法律地位,保证慈善公益组织平等获取慈善资源的能力;另一方面须明确和强化政府对慈善公益组织的依法监管的职能和责任,建立和完善政府对公益慈善机构指导、规范和监管的法律规则.     

Running on Empty: The Operating Reserves of U.S. Nonprofit Organizations

Operating reserves allow nonprofit organizations to smooth out imbalances between revenues and expenses, helping to maintain program output in the presence of fiscal shocks. We know surprisingly little about why nonprofits might save operating reserves and what factors explain variation between organizations' savings behavior. Findings suggest that operating reserves are reduced in the presence of concentrated public funds, access to debt, fixed assets, and endowment. However, size is not an important predictor, indicating that the lack of reserves is not limited to small nonprofit organizations but is instead a sectorwide issue. Significant numbers of nonprofits maintain no operating reserves at all. One potential explanation is that organizations discount the benefits of reserves because they are evaluated on spending, focusing instead on the “benefits of costs.” This preference for spending over reserving may also help explain the general lack of liquidity in the sector beyond operating reserves alone.     

当代中国慈善发展转型中若干问题辩析

当代中国慈善正处于发展转型期。中国当代慈善的基本定位是"政府主导下的社会保障体系的一种必要的补充",而不是政府社会保障的"有机组成部分"或"重要组成部分"。慈善最核心最本质的价值观是"利他"而不是"利己"。为了"利己"才去"利他"不是真正的慈善。对主观上有功利目的而客观上有慈善行为者,应主要看其客观效果而予以充分肯定。不能用对待个人慈善的标准对待企业慈善。企业慈善功利是合理和应该的。企业应当确立慈善发展的理念与战略,将以盈利为目的的生产排他性商品,和以慈善为目的的生产公共品这两类基本行为统筹起来,做到经济效益与社会效益完美统一。慈善是民间资源,本质上只能是民间行为,理应由民间自觉自愿地去做、去发展,而不宜由政府去运作与实施。"民办"与"官助"是当代中国慈善发展的合理定位。民办慈善发展的路径应当是民营化(非政府化)、法制化、系统化、专业化、普及化。政府要确立慈善与公益同步发展的战略目标,让社会发展的成果由全体公民共享。     

我国佛教慈善事业的拓展及前景

我国佛教慈善事业应从弘法利生、组织制度两个方面去拓展。在弘法利生方面,要强化佛教慈善的理念,扩充佛教慈善的内容和采取"授人以渔"的方法;在组织制度方面,需探索"本土化"的慈善模式和建立长效的运行机制,为创建新型的佛教慈善文化奠定扎实的基础。未来可从佛教慈善理念系统易为广大民众所接受、佛教慈善事业的动员力以及佛教慈善实践对心理健康的作用等方面创建佛教慈善事业,以为进一步推进佛教慈善事业的发展创造重要的条件。     

企业慈善——新时期我国企业与社会的双赢选择

企业慈善是企业与社会的双赢选择。企业慈善可促进慈善事业的发展,达到整合社区资源、促进社区发展的目的,在更为广阔的社会系统中表达一种“关爱与和谐”的理想与信念。同时,企业慈善有利于提升企业自身形象,增进企业内部凝聚力,培养优秀的企业文化。当前我国企业慈善的发展现状不容乐观。我国企业应该大力参与慈善事业,开创社会主义和谐社会下企业与社会的双赢局面。     

Who Determines How Nonprofits Confront Uncertainty?

This study examines the impact of managers, board members, beneficiaries, donors, and government entities on nonprofit strategic decisions. Using data collected from GuideStar, the National Center for Charitable Statistics, and surveys, we provide evidence that strategic decisions of nonprofits are shaped by the ability of the aforementioned stakeholders to diversify their interests. Our findings offer nonprofits another means by which they can understand and therefore manage their strategic decisions. In addition, our framework suggests future applications of stakeholder theory conceive of stakeholder salience as a bidirectional phenomenon.     

慈善文化的内涵与构建

慈善文化在人类社会的发展中生成发展,它是人的崇高思想境界和价值取向,是一种优良的道德传统。作为历史的必然选择,我们应将慈善文化传承下来,并发扬光大;在实践中,应对影响作用慈善文化发展的因素进行整合,即从主观和客观两大方面进行努力,构建新的慈善价值观,实现社会的和谐。     

浅谈公立医院医疗慈善救助基金的设立

在2006年全国卫生工作会议上首次明确提出公立医院要建立医疗救助基金。医疗慈善救助基金的建立有十分重要的现实意义,是解决目前公立医院欠费困扰、切实帮助弱势人群的需要;是顺应国际惯例,为慈善资金帮助医疗弱势人群搭建平台的需要;是解决民政部门实行的医疗救助基金医院无法受益的需要;也是树立公立医院良好的公益形象,为合法赞助提供渠道的需要。文章分析了基金建立的可行性和面临的主要困难,提出了基金的建立、管理、募集等一系列设想。     

格罗夫斯-克拉克机制下我国慈善资金的使用——基于效率与公平均衡的视角

慈善资金是维系慈善事业持续发展的必备条件之一,对慈善资金的使用进行合理有效管理,兼顾资金使用的公平和效率,对真正发挥慈善的平等公益性,使众多的弱势群体获得帮助具有重要意义。为此,运用格罗夫斯-克拉克机制对中国慈善资金使用的欠公平与低效率进行了分析,指出其成因在于违背了格罗夫斯-克拉克机制的"团体"假设、"制度"假设和"评价机制"假设,并提出了相应的完善之策。