Adolescents’ perception of peer groups: Psychological,behavioral, and relational determinants

Adolescents’ social cognitive understanding of their social world is often inaccurate and biased. Focusing on peer groups, this study examines how adolescents’ psychological, behavioral, and relational characteristics influence the extent to which they accurately identify their own and others’ peer groups. Analyses were conducted with a sample of 1481 seventh- and tenth-grade Chinese students who are embedded with 346 peer groups. Overall, females and older students had more accurate perceptions. In addition, lower self-esteem, higher indegree centrality, and lower betweenness centrality in the friendship network predicted more accurate perception of one’s own groups, whereas higher academic performance and lower betweenness centrality in the friendship network predicted more accurate perception of others’ groups. Implications for understanding the connection between adolescents’ psychological and behavioral traits, social relationships, and social cognition are discussed.     

The ideology of neuroscience and intellectual disability: reconstituting the ‘disordered’ brain

During the last two or three decades, neuroscience has changed how we understand brain functioning. This shift, which is re-conceptualizing the relationship between the materiality of the brain and consciousness, is bound to have implications for intellectual disability, which is commonly seen as a condition of the brain. At present, examinations of intellectual disability that deploy techniques and concepts from neuroscience constitute a growing research field that has been welcomed in some quarters of the disability research community. The purpose of this article is to urge for caution as regards this development. I argue that the neuroscience of intellectual disability is embodying ideological propositions that need to be problematized. By theorizing the relationship between biology and politics and examining neuroscientific publications on intellectual disability, I argue that this strand of research is underpinned by a discursive division between normal and pathological, that it therefore constitutes a continuation of understanding intellectual disability as a ‘disorder’ and that any firm separation between the ‘nature’ of intellectual disability and processes of power is inherently problematic. To be able to critically approach the neuroscience of intellectual disability, it is vital that disability researchers problematize the relationship between biology and politics.     

认知语言学对语篇连贯研究的启示

语篇连贯是指一段话语或某个语篇的不同部分在意义上的联系.认知参照点、原型范畴、概念隐喻等认知理论对语篇连贯有着重要的启示作用.语篇连贯不仅靠衔接手段和语篇结构获得,更靠心理上的连贯取得.     

从认知视角看英汉词语的语义变化趋势

语言在很大程度上受思维习惯和文化内涵的影响.然而,在世界文化朝着多元化发展的进程中,不同文化间的频繁接触促进了文化的趋同,而文化的趋同又必然引起词语的语义变化.文章旨在通过词语的示例分析比较,探讨人类语言的共性和个性,从而证明英汉两种语言的词语语义随着文化的趋同所出现的同一变化趋势.     

相等性原理与《易经》

人们如果深入研究人类认知活动中的“分类”与“类比”现象的本质,就会发现人类在“分类—类比—抽象”认知活动中所依赖的“相等性原理”与“不等性原理”。它对在深层结构中揭示《易经》“易道广大,无所不包”的本质具有一定的意义。     

图式理论与语篇理解的认知分析

本文基于对阅读本质的探讨和图式理论的分析，指出阅读中读者不应拘泥于字、词、句的认知分析，而应运用语篇结构，树立语篇意识，注重内容图式、语言图式、修辞图式的积累和激活，并有意识地将此运用于外语阅读中，从而有效提高阅读能力。     

空间关系及其语言表达的认知语言学阐释

运用认知语言学中的空间参照框架理论和图形-背景关系理论探讨空间关系及其语言表达,具有十分重要的意义.空间关系是人对客观事物在空间中的方位、存现或运动状态的能动认知的结果.在空间关系所涉及的三要素中,目的物和参照物是基本的,是人观察和认识的基础,而人则是赋予事物以空间关系的关键.空间关系并不是存在于客观世界的自然之物,而是人类的能动识解使然.人们在识解事物之间的空间关系时,总是以一事物为参照来确定另一事物的空间方位.不同的识解方式和参照点形成了三类空间参照框架:相对参照框架,内在参照框架和绝对参照框架.人们在运用语言表达空间关系时,总是把目的物看做图形,把参照物看做背景,并以后者为参照来确定前者的空间位置.看做图形的目的物具有未知性和凸显性,看做背景的参照物具有已知性和确定性.     

现实的浪漫演绎——从认知科学角度看隐喻与诗歌的文学本质

隐喻与诗歌有着同样的文学本质.诗歌借助隐喻增添华彩,加强感召,深化内涵;隐喻本身就是微缩的诗歌,是诗歌的本原.在某种程度上,隐喻的诗歌性与诗歌的隐喻性是同一过程的两个方面.从认知学角度看,二者是同质的认知语言现象,都是以精华的语言表述人类对现实世界带有艺术色彩和浪漫想象的认知结果.     

西方思想家对隐喻认知功能的思考

在西方哲学和修辞学传统中,隐喻研究占有十分重要的地位,并且始终闪耀着认知的思辨。重温西方思想家对隐喻认知功能的思考,有助于我们把西方经典隐喻学说与目前西方流行的隐喻认知理论进行对比,对于我国思想史研究和认知语言学研究也有一定的启发意义。     

英文写作错误中的社会和认知因素

许多从事二语写作教学研究的学者曾就学生写作中的句法错误、语篇错误及其它一些层面上的错误作过分析研究,然而对写作质量起着决定性作用的和二语习得相关的社会认知因素却少有提及。从社会和认知角度来探讨英文写作错误,这对于提高英文写作教学质量和学生写作水平将大有裨益。