Monitoring and evaluation of loveLife's AIDS prevention and advocacy activities in South Africa, 1999–2001

loveLife is the largest effort ever launched in South Africa to change adolescent sexual behaviour with the aim of reducing the rate of HIV infection among 15–20 year olds by 50%, reducing other STIs, and reducing the incidence of teenage pregnancy. loveLife combines high-powered media awareness and education, development of adolescent-friendly reproductive health services, and outreach and support programmes. The 5-year research and evaluation plan includes a multi-year comprehensive observational study, tracking change in a range of behavioural indicators and in sexual health outcomes. In its first 2 years, loveLife reached more than 4 million youth. Sixty-two percent of youth and 59% of their parents/guardians recognize the brand, while the vast majority of parents (97%) and youth (89%) exposed to loveLife, identified loveLife as being positive. Challenges in the next years are the continued roll out of the programme, and the development of institutional support and behaviour change.     

Zimbabwe's AIDS action programme for schools

AIDS education started very early in Zimbabwe and is now compulsory in all schools. This evaluation documents the development of the primary and secondary school AIDS Action Programme from 1991 to 1998. Six programme aspects were evaluated: programme start-up, planning and management, development of syllabi and materials, teacher training, research, monitoring and evaluation, and co-ordination. The Programme drew on resources from within the existing educational system. Due to broad-based consultation and participation, it was supported by Government and partners. Flexible management ensured implementation of mid-course corrections. It was concluded that school AIDS programmes should stress participatory teaching and learning methods and life-skills training. Curriculum writers and teachers needed training and supervision in participatory techniques. Cluster workshops between district and school levels were needed to strengthen the cascade model of teacher training that had been adopted. Systematic research, monitoring and evaluation were essential, including follow-ups to baseline surveys. The Zimbabwean programme was well-designed, relatively inexpensive and replicable.     

The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.     

量子阱光电子开关器件(一)

量子阱半导体结构可使诸如光调制器和开关等光电子器件做得更小、更快、效率更高。它所具有的逻辑特性使其在并行高速互连的电子集成电路的集成度上具有良好的潜力。光电子器件能采用波导,也能采用二维并行阵列制作。其集成规模可达2048个单元,可工作的光逻辑和存贮器件的阵列得以实现及运行,所有单元都可由自由空间光(free-space optics)进行外部并行访问。本文概述了量子阱器件的运行机理及其发展前景。     

Evaluation of HIV/AIDS peer education projects in Zambia

This 1998 evaluation assessed the peer education programmes of HIV/AIDS projects run by four non-governmental organisations. A mini-case study approach was used and analysis was based on cross-case itemistic variables. The projects were assessed only in terms of immediate developmental outcomes to target groups rather than on long-term impact. The study concluded the following: (1) The projects had raised community awareness of HIV/AIDS; (2) Basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS was for the most part accurate; (3) There was anecdotal evidence of behavioural changes in terms of partner-reduction as reported by the projects, though the evidence was sometimes conflicting; and (4) There was evidence that certain traditional practices, which contributed to the spread of the virus (e.g. sexual cleansing and scarification), were becoming modified over time. The programmes were also instrumental in protecting human rights and enabling people living with HIV/AIDS to maintain human dignity.     

硕士研究生入学英语考试英译汉试题的特点及翻译技巧

深入分析历年硕士研究生入学英语考试英译汉试题的特点,总结四方面特点,提出具有针对性的翻译方法和技巧作为对策:(1)试题中的词汇难以见词明义,需根据上下文选择确定词义或对词义进行引申;(2)句子的理解与翻译对上下文的依赖性很强,需使用还原法对原文中的替代、省略、变换等表达进行还原翻译;(3)句子较长,结构复杂,需采用分译法;(4)很多句子的表意方式和语序体现出英美人的思维习惯和特点,需作语序调整。     

农业主导型财政下的乡镇治理--以河南刘乡为例

对于财政收入主要来源于农业经济的农村地区 ,乡镇财政的压力既推动了乡镇政权组织发展本地经济 ,同时也导致了乡镇政权组织加大财政提取力度 ,甚至为此不惜违反国家有关法律和政策 ,从而削弱了基层政权的合法性基础 ,加剧了农村社会矛盾。要改善农业地区的乡镇治理状况 ,必须结合农业主导型乡镇财政的特点改革农村管理体制。     

大力发展高校高新技术产业的政策建议

高校高新技术产业是我国高新技术产业的重要组成部分。发展高新技术产业 ,既是高校的优势 ,也是高校的历史责任。引入风险投资、发行股票并争取上市、进入以大学为主体的高科技园 ,是高校大力发展高新技术产业的必由之路     

增强高校学生思想政治工作实效性的思考

新时期高校学生思想政治工作要持续有效 ,必须认清形势 ,把握当代大学生的思想特点 ,以加强思政工作队伍建设为根本 ,以服务好学生为突破口 ,致力于营造良好的育人环境 ,从而担负起培养合格的社会主义事业建设者和接班人的历史使命     

高校思想政治教育与人文精神培养

从高校思想政治教育和人文精神培养的内容和关系来看 ,思想政治教育和人文精神培养相结合是时代发展的需要 ,是培养德智体全面发展的合格人才的需要 ,是新时期高校进行学生思想政治工作的有效途径和方法