Effects of Person‐ and Process‐focused Feedback on Prosocial Behavior in Middle Childhood

The effects of person‐ and process‐focused feedback, parental lay theories, and prosocial self‐concept on children's prosocial behavior were investigated with 143 9‐ and 10‐year‐old children who participated in a single session. Parents reported entity (person‐focused) and incremental (process‐focused) beliefs related to prosocial behavior. Children completed measures of prosocial self‐concept, then participated in a virtual online chat with child actors who asked for help with service projects. After completing the chat, children could assist with the service projects. In the first cohort, children were randomly assigned to receive person‐focused, process‐focused, or control feedback about sympathy. In the second cohort, with newly recruited families, children received no feedback. When given process‐focused feedback, children spent less time helping and worked on fewer service projects. When given no feedback, children spent less time helping when parents held incremental (process‐focused) beliefs. Children with higher prosocial self‐concept who received no feedback worked on more service projects.     

民办学校财产权问题

《民办教育促进法》是我国第一部关于民办学校的法律,它明确规定了民办学校的法人地位及法人财产权。但该法关于民办学校的财产的使用,特别是关于举办人的回报权及民办学校财产归属问题的规定,表述过于模糊,不便操作,可能会在一定程度上阻碍民办教育事业的发展,应该对此予以修改和完善,应明确规定民办学校对其财产的所有权,明确规定举办者的回报权和民办学校的财产归属权。     

Promoting social equality values to improve judgement of a woman reporting sexism / El fomento de valores relacionados con la igualdad social para mejorar la opinión sobre las mujeres que denuncian discriminación por sexismo

Previous research has shown that discriminated women blame themselves more than they blame discrimination when meritocracy values are salient. In two studies, we examined whether meritocracy values also influence female observers when they judge a female victim of sexism. Such values were expected to lead them to judge more positively a victim incriminating herself than a victim claiming discrimination. Conversely, social equality values should lead them to judge more positively a victim claiming discrimination. Women who were either feminists or non-feminists (Study 1) or who were exposed to either social equality values or personal merit values (Study 2) had to judge a female victim of sexism who ascribed what happened to discrimination or to her ability. Feminist women and women exposed to social equality judged the female victim more positively when she reported discrimination than when she incriminated herself. The reverse pattern of judgement was observed for non-feminist women and women exposed to meritocracy values. The importance of values is discussed to improve the image of women claiming sexism.     

A Comparative Exposure Assessment of Campylobacter in Ontario,Canada

To inform source attribution efforts, a comparative exposure assessment was developed to estimate the relative exposure to Campylobacter, the leading bacterial gastrointestinal disease in Canada, for 13 different transmission routes within Ontario, Canada, during the summer. Exposure was quantified with stochastic models at the population level, which incorporated measures of frequency, quantity ingested, prevalence, and concentration, using data from FoodNet Canada surveillance, the peer‐reviewed and gray literature, other Ontario data, and data that were specifically collected for this study. Models were run with @Risk software using Monte Carlo simulations. The mean number of cells of Campylobacter ingested per Ontarian per day during the summer, ranked from highest to lowest is as follows: household pets, chicken, living on a farm, raw milk, visiting a farm, recreational water, beef, drinking water, pork, vegetables, seafood, petting zoos, and fruits. The study results identify knowledge gaps for some transmission routes, and indicate that some transmission routes for Campylobacter are underestimated in the current literature, such as household pets and raw milk. Many data gaps were identified for future data collection consideration, especially for the concentration of Campylobacter in all transmission routes.     

从“他者”到“主体”——一项关于犯罪人自我归因的实证研究

运用在东北某监狱的实地调查资料,对犯罪人的犯罪自我归因进行的研究表明:犯罪人的自我归因可分为内部归因和外部归因两种,作出外部归因的多于内部归因。在作出外部归因时,犯罪人强调的是受害人的人格特征以及社会环境;作出内部归因时,犯罪人主要是将犯罪原因归结为自身的人格特征。犯罪人在对自己的犯罪原因进行归因时,是倾向于作出内部归因还是外部归因,与他们是否关心村委会工作、与邻居的交往、与受害者的关系、受教育程度和法律意识相关。对犯罪人的自我归因进行研究,对于提高改造犯罪人的效果有积极的意义。     

企业社会属性特点认识的轨迹演变及启示

企业社会属性认识的轨迹演变经历了权责结构、人际关系网络和社会子系统三个发展阶段。企业组织社会属性的认定是系统组织管理理论在归纳和总结古典和人际关系这两个时期的组织管理理论、融合各种知识和方法和注重学科综合性的同时,以全新的视野,从更广阔的空间提出了组织的系统理论、权变理论,从而将企业看成社会大系统的一个子系统。企业组织社会属性的认定也明确提出了其社会责任的问题。     

Problem attribution and intervention. The interpretation of problem causations and solutions in regard of Brickman et al.

Typologies of problem perception are of great importance for the reconstruction of social workers’ professional ideologies. The best-known typology has been provided by Brickman et al. who differentiated between a medical, moral, enlightenment, and compensatory model. The article discusses this typology on a conceptual level and indicates its central flaws. An empirical study is presented in which an alternative attempt to develop a typology is tested. The evaluation refers to a wider spectrum of perceptions of problem causes and solutions than the typology of Brickman et al. The resulting typology comprises a ‘social’, a ‘workfare’, a ‘pathology’, and an ‘education’ type.     

Application of Whole-Genome Sequences and Machine Learning in Source Attribution of Salmonella Typhimurium

Prevention of the emergence and spread of foodborne diseases is an important prerequisite for the improvement of public health. Source attribution models link sporadic human cases of a specific illness to food sources and animal reservoirs. With the next generation sequencing technology, it is possible to develop novel source attribution models. We investigated the potential of machine learning to predict the animal reservoir from which a bacterial strain isolated from a human salmonellosis case originated based on whole-genome sequencing. Machine learning methods recognize patterns in large and complex data sets and use this knowledge to build models. The model learns patterns associated with genetic variations in bacteria isolated from the different animal reservoirs. We selected different machine learning algorithms to predict sources of human salmonellosis cases and trained the model with Danish Salmonella Typhimurium isolates sampled from broilers (n = 34), cattle (n = 2), ducks (n = 11), layers (n = 4), and pigs (n = 159). Using cgMLST as input features, the model yielded an average accuracy of 0.783 (95% CI: 0.77–0.80) in the source prediction for the random forest and 0.933 (95% CI: 0.92–0.94) for the logit boost algorithm. Logit boost algorithm was most accurate (valid accuracy: 92%, CI: 0.8706–0.9579) and predicted the origin of 81% of the domestic sporadic human salmonellosis cases. The most important source was Danish produced pigs (53%) followed by imported pigs (16%), imported broilers (6%), imported ducks (2%), Danish produced layers (2%), Danish produced cattle and imported cattle (<1%) while 18% was not predicted. Machine learning has potential for improving source attribution modeling based on sequence data. Results of such models can inform risk managers to identify and prioritize food safety interventions.     

归因方式对大学生心理健康的影响

归因是指个体对他人或自己行为结果的原因的知觉和判断。美国心理学家Weiner认为成败主要归因于努力、能力、任务难度、运气等方面因素。大学生对自己成败归因的方式不同，对其自我意识、学业成就、情绪、人际关系、就业等有很大的影响。     

新课程实施中无效课堂教学行为分析

本文结合具体课堂教学实例，描述了新课程实施中常见的无效课堂教学行为，并对其进行了归类，同时分析了造成无效教学行为的原因，以求为课堂教学提供帮助．