大学生情绪归因研究

情绪归因是对情绪的认知归因，对这一问题的研究最初是从儿童道德认知领域开始的，其后又产生了错误情绪归因研究、一般情绪归因研究等研究方向。但是，就一般情绪归因研究而盲，还存在一些困难，大学生情绪归因研究在此领域内的研究对象的拓展、测量工具的构建等方面取得了新进展。     

Uncertainty of Population Risk Estimates for Pathogens Based on QMRA or Epidemiology: A Case Study of Campylobacter in the Netherlands

Epidemiology and quantitative microbiological risk assessment are disciplines in which the same public health measures are estimated, but results differ frequently. If large, these differences can confuse public health policymakers. This article aims to identify uncertainty sources that explain apparent differences in estimates for Campylobacter spp. incidence and attribution in the Netherlands, based on four previous studies (two for each discipline). An uncertainty typology was used to identify uncertainty sources and the NUSAP method was applied to characterize the uncertainty and its influence on estimates. Model outcomes were subsequently calculated for alternative scenarios that simulated very different but realistic alternatives in parameter estimates, modeling, data handling, or analysis to obtain impressions of the total uncertainty. For the epidemiological assessment, 32 uncertainty sources were identified and for QMRA 67. Definitions (e.g., of a case) and study boundaries (e.g., of the studied pathogen) were identified as important drivers for the differences between the estimates of the original studies. The range in alternatively calculated estimates usually overlapped between disciplines, showing that proper appreciation of uncertainty can explain apparent differences between the initial estimates from both disciplines. Uncertainty was not estimated in the original QMRA studies and underestimated in the epidemiological studies. We advise to give appropriate attention to uncertainty in QMRA and epidemiological studies, even if only qualitatively, so that scientists and policymakers can interpret reported outcomes more correctly. Ideally, both disciplines are joined by merging their strong respective properties, leading to unified public health measures.     

Perception is truth: How U.S. newspapers framed the “Go Green” conflict between BP and Greenpeace

The purpose of this study is to examine the dynamics of a 10-year conflict between BP and Greenpeace in the framework of the environmental crisis. A qualitative framing analysis of newspaper content was employed to explain how the two organizations were framed in U.S. news reports. A discussion of six dominant frames and attributes that emerged from the sample under study is included, and an assessment of assigned accountability is provided.     

Integrated Approaches for the Public Health Prioritization of Foodborne and Zoonotic Pathogens

To address the persistent problems of foodborne and zoonotic disease, public health officials worldwide face difficult choices about how to best allocate limited resources and target interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality. Data‐driven approaches to informing these decisions have been developed in a number of countries. Integrated comparative frameworks generally share three methodological components: estimating incidence of acute illnesses, chronic sequelae, and mortality; attributing pathogen‐specific illnesses to foods; and calculating integrated measures of disease burden such as cost of illness, willingness to pay, and health‐adjusted life years (HALYs). To discuss the similarities and differences in these approaches, to seek consensus on principles, and to improve international collaboration, the E.U. MED‐VET‐NET and the U.S.‐based Food Safety Research Consortium organized an international conference convened in Berlin, Germany, on July 19–21, 2006. This article draws in part on the deliberations of the conference and discusses general principles, data needs, methodological issues and challenges, and future research needs pertinent to objective data‐driven analyses and their potential use for priority setting of foodborne and zoonotic pathogens in public health policy.     

理性主义式微与功利主义勃兴——兼论知识产权侵权归责原则的走势

第二次世界大战以后,世界的政治格局和经济结构发生了深刻变化。恢复战争创伤和化解社会矛盾的需要,促使西方资本主义国家将目光投向经济生产领域,用于战争的科学技术和军事工业也纷纷转向民用产业,由此形成了新一轮科学技术的进步与创新。随着工业化程度和水平的提高,特别是作为智力活动成果的知识产权在生产力要素构成中地位和作用的日益明显,知识产权法律保护及其侵权赔偿责任问题被提到显要的位置。与之相适应,各国的侵权行为法也在不断发生变化,诸如惩罚、威慑、损害赔偿、预防损害等目的性和功能性策略被广泛地应用于侵权行为规范,极大地影响了侵权行为法的价值目标、机能和归责原则。社会法学派、功利主义和各种实用主义解释理论普遍将法律视为一种实现公共目标的机制,尤其是20世纪70年代以后兴起的经济分析方法,甚至主张允许法官对侵权行为法进行重新定位,使其服务于经济目标而不再是矫正正义目标。侵权行为法最初的道德基础和价值取向遭遇到空前的挑战,使其开始从以自然法为价值基础的理性主义向以实用性和工具性为目标的功利主义转变。     

民族精神研究与民族意识研究

民族精神研究和民族意识研究两个论题冷热反差极大,却有十分密切的联系。十年以来,民族精神研究力量在学科格局上具有绝对优势;相应时期的民族意识研究具有一定的专业优势。民族精神研究的薄弱环节是5个“缺乏”,民族意识研究也陷入了5个误区。双方的困惑都可以归因于民族理论的薄弱:民族意识研究陷入误区是由于民族定义的僵化,民族精神研究则基本上还处在民族理论学科的盲区。共同解决这两个难题,根本途径是实现民族理论及其相关学科的“学术自觉”。     

西安大学生犯罪的归因分析与趋势预测——从药家鑫案件谈起

从药家鑫案件谈起,以在校大学生为研究样本,分析2007年至2009年西安高校主要所在地区涉及的大学生犯罪案件统计和问卷调查,归纳出犯罪的类型、特点和归因,进而分析西安大学生犯罪的趋势。     

Typology of causes of poverty: The perception of Iranian farmers

Causal attributions are important mediators of future behaviour because once a cause is assigned; a commensurate action can be taken. The aims of this research were to find how Iranian farmers attribute the causes of poverty, to provide a typology of attribution of causes of poverty as perceived by Iranian farmers and to compare socio-economic characteristics and contextual conditions of farmers based on their causal attribution of poverty type. Findings revealed that 50% of respondents had structuralistic, almost 30% had individualistic, and about 20% hold fatalistic attitudes towards the causes of poverty. Farmers with individualistic attitudes towards the causes of poverty had higher quality of life, well-being, level of agricultural technology, agricultural production, used insurance more often, they had more land, income, access to agricultural extension services and practiced sustainable agriculture more often. Farmers with fatalistic attitudes towards the causes of poverty had the worst condition with regard to the above variables. However, those who had structuralistic attitudes, stood somewhere between the two previous groups. Based on findings, a number of poverty alleviation recommendations are made.     

自我设限研究的回顾及其展望

自我设限是指个体针对可能出现的失败威胁而事先设计障碍以自我保护或自我提升的一种策略。在已有研究文献的基础上,论文介绍了自我设限的涵义和测量方法,回顾了自我设限与归因、自我效能感、自尊、成就目标的关系,并提出了自我设限研究存在的不足以及今后的研究方向。     

产品绿色认证模型的扩展研究

对Vertinsky的绿色认证模型的假设条件进行了扩充．假设有形质量的生产成本与产品的无形质量（环境友好性）表现为负相关关系．由此得出结论，如果两厂商可自由选择产品的环境质量认证水平，则总质量高的产品的环境质量水平也高．如果两厂商必须通过政府规定的环境质量认证，则产品总质量高的厂商选择通过高质量的环境认证，而产品总质量低的厂商选择通过低质量的环境认证．与帕累托最优时相比，厂商自由选择环境认证水平时产品的环境质量相对低下．但在两个厂商都通过认证的前提下，不能确定单一水平认证和两个水平认证究竞谁更优．