关于中国改革动力的若干思考

本文通过对当代中国改革的回顾和总结,从理论上阐述当前改革动力不足的原因,提出继续深化改革的四项措施:第一,建立合理的补偿机制;第二,确定实际应当获得补偿的对象;第三,建立间接的不完全补偿机制;第四,确立由改革受益阶层承担主要补偿成本的原则。这既是消除阻力、争取民众支持、继续推行改革的关键环节,也是中国共产党代表最广大人民群众利益的现实体现。     

Racial Differences in Labor Market Values of a Statistical Life

This article constructs measures of job fatality rates for black and white workers using information on job-related fatalities from 1992–1997. The fatality rates for black employees are somewhat greater than those for whites. Each of these groups receives significant compensating wage differentials for fatality risks, controlling for nonfatal risks and expected workers' compensation benefits. The implicit value of a statistical life is lower for black workers than for whites. These results in conjunction with evidence that blacks receive less annual compensation for fatality risks than do whites imply that black and white workers face different market offer curves that are flatter for blacks than for whites.     

The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates Throughout the World

A substantial literature over the past thirty years has evaluated tradeoffs between money and fatality risks. These values in turn serve as estimates of the value of a statistical life. This article reviews more than 60 studies of mortality risk premiums from ten countries and approximately 40 studies that present estimates of injury risk premiums. This critical review examines a variety of econometric issues, the role of unionization in risk premiums, and the effects of age on the value of a statistical life. Our meta-analysis indicates an income elasticity of the value of a statistical life from about 0.5 to 0.6. The paper also presents a detailed discussion of policy applications of these value of a statistical life estimates and related issues, including risk-risk analysis.     

现行土地征用制度有关问题讨论

形成于计划经济时期的现行征地制度,曾为我国的社会经济发展提供了强有力的保障.然而在市场经济条件下,尤其是在加入WTO后,我国现行土地征用制度中规定的征地范围、征地程序、被征土地农民的安置、征地补偿费的测算方法已很难适应市场经济发展的要求.本文以保护现有有限的耕地资源和保障农民土地所有权的合法权益为前提对土地征用中存在的有关问题进行了讨论,并就有关问题提出了建议和对策.     

Do Wages Compensate for Risk of Unemployment? Parametric and Semiparametric Evidence from Seasonal Jobs

Due to unique institutional and technological factors, seasonal agricultural jobs are characterized by much higher risk of unemployment than similar permanent jobs. I estimate compensating differentials for risk of unemployment and compare those with unemployment insurance benefits provided by the government. I use two sets of estimators. First, I calculate parametric estimates with Heckman correction. Second, I compute three versions of a distribution-free semiparametric estimator which is robust to misspecification of the residual distribution. The main finding of the paper is that there exists a positive compensating differential of 15.5% of the average wage. This corresponds to an implicit replacement rate significantly larger than the typical unemployment benefit.     

Self Selection Bias in the Estimates of Compensating Differentials for Job Risks in India

This study contributes to the hedonic wage literature in developing countries by estimating the collective willingness to pay of a statistical life/injury, using an original data set from the Indian labor market. As self-selection by workers results in biased estimates of the wage premium for job risks, the study uses a modified selectivity bias correction technique. Empirical results indicate substantial heterogeneity in returns to risk. The estimated value of life without selectivity bias is Rs. 56 million (US $3 million), which is substantially larger than the value with selection bias. The estimates provided by the study can aid policy makers, international agencies and other researchers in evaluating health projects in India and other developing countries.     

唐宋官当制度的发展与终结

作为一项正式的法律制度,官当制度经历一个逐步成型、发展成熟、突然消失的过程。它是古代官僚等级特权制度发展到一定阶段的产物。唐代国力强盛、政治开明,立法追求理想的制度之美,官当制度日益定型;宋代政治稳定、经济繁荣,立法执法追求宽和,官当制度发展成熟;南宋时期,法律规范的修订已经透露出统治者对官当制度的不满;元朝以后,官当制度突然消失,但以官抵罪的情况仍盛行不衰。官当制度的发展演变,是以优待士大夫为前提、逐步加重惩治犯罪官员的过程,它使官员能够利用职务抵消法律惩罚,造成官员与平民、官员与官员之间不平等。官当制度走向终结,使周密细致的法律被摒弃,扩大统治者任意执法的空间,这是古代法律制度的倒退,也是中国古代宗法制度强化过程中符合逻辑的结果。     

论道德需要与个人品德培养

道德需要是个人品德养成的心理内驱力,个人品德培养应从道德需要入手。然而现实社会中,遵从道德的代价过高而违反道德的代价低;遵守道德的行为没有得到必要的补偿;道德要求起点层次过高导致了个人道德需要不足。营造厚道重德的道德环境;构建低重心、多层次自下而上稳步提升的道德规范体系;道德教育回归生活是激发道德需要、促进个人品德培养的基本方面。     

公诉案件被害人损失赔偿问题研究

在刑事诉讼中,赔偿被害人,挽回经济损失,是与处罚犯罪人同等重要的、处于第一位的问题。当前我们急需扭转重视对被告人的刑事责任的追究,忽视对被害人保护的现象。而在保护被害人的各项措施中,首先需要完善赔偿被害人损失的制度。在这方面,国外的一些经验非常值得借鉴。     

The Impact of Institutional Change on Compensating Wage Differentials for Accident Risk: South Korea, 1984–1990

Institutional change can lead to substantial changes in the size of compensating differentials for workplace accident risk. The South Korean labor market experienced two major institutional changes between 1984 and 1990. First, a relaxation of restrictions on Korean labor unions in 1987 led to a sharp jump in the extent of strike activity and bargaining rounds which was associated with a reduction in the size of compensating differences. Second, reform of Korean workers' compensation in 1989 led to a substantial rise in benefits that also served to reduce the extent of compensating differentials.