语际差异及语内变异之优选论分析

优选论通过制约条件的排列顺序,不仅可以说明不同语言之间的差异,同时还可以说明同一语言内不同环境中所产生的变异现象。舌尖音的标记性比唇音和软腭音的标记性低,因此,英语中舌尖音经常被脱落的现象,也可以在优选论框架中用标记性层级关系来说明。     

被字句的语义结构

被字句式内部有一定的语义规律,根据李临定等的研究成果,笔者推出被字句式的主位语义限制条件。通过对“受事”主位结构和其它“非动作者”主述结构以及被字句式和连动式、兼语式、把字式的套用等表义结构的分析,证实了主位语义限制条件的实际意义及其高度的总括性。     

Genetic algorithms for numerical optimization

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are stochastic adaptive algorithms whose search method is based on simulation of natural genetic inheritance and Darwinian striving for survival. They can be used to find approximate solutions to numerical optimization problems in cases where finding the exact optimum is prohibitively expensive, or where no algorithm is known. However, such applications can encounter problems that sometimes delay, if not prevent, finding the optimal solutions with desired precision. In this paper we describe applications of GAs to numerical optimization, present three novel ways to handle such problems, and give some experimental results.     

网络时代刑法解释论的现实抉择、挑战及其应对

法律的滞后性与社会的多变性决定了刑法客观解释论是我国应对网络犯罪理论与实践做出的双重选择。但不可否认的是,当前网络时代刑法客观解释论存在明显的扩张化趋势,并不断冲击着罪刑法定原则的底线。“主观的客观解释论”名义上是以主观性来纠偏过度的客观性,但实则为主观解释论的翻版,并不可取。从恪守罪刑法定原则、克服刑法滞后性的角度来看,在坚持刑法客观解释论的前提下,为刑法客观解释的扩张化设定刑法用语的可能含义、刑法体系解释规则及罪名规范保护目的三大约束要素,从而将其限定在罪刑法定原则的框架下是更为妥当的选择。     

认知语境对语法语用过程的制约作用

人们交际过程中离不开对语法结构的选择。语言交际中的语用推理过程实际上是人们在语境的参与下完成交际的的心理过程。文章在分析认知语境概念的基础上运用认知语境理论对静态的语法的主要五个层面进行了动态的语用研究 ,认为认知语境对语法结构的选择及其隐性意义的确定起着动态的语用制约作用 ,具有很强的认知阐释力。     

Graphical solutions for structural regression assist errors-in-variables modelling

Structural regression attempts to reveal an underlying relationship by compensating for errors in the variables. Ordinary least-squares regression has an entirely different purpose and provides a relationship between error-included variables. Structural model solutions, also known as the errors-in-variables and measurement-error solutions, use various inputs such as the error-variance ratio and x-error variance. This paper proposes that more accurate structural line gradient (coefficient) solutions will result from using the several solutions together as a system of equations. The known data scatter, as measured by the correlation coefficient, should always be used in choosing legitimate combinations of x- and y-error terms. However, this is difficult using equations. Chart solutions are presented to assist users to understand the structural regression process, to observe the correlation coefficient constraint, to assess the impact of their error estimates and, therefore, to provide better quality estimates of the structural regression gradient.     

Estimation of Polygons and Areas

Abstract.  In forestry the problem of estimating areas is central. This paper addresses area estimation through fitting of a polygon to observed coordinate data. Coordinates of corners and points along the sides of a simple closed polygon are measured with independent random errors. This paper focuses on procedures to adjust the coordinates for estimation of the polygon and its area. Different new techniques that consider different amounts of prior information are described and compared. The different techniques use restricted least squares, maximum likelihood and the expectation maximization algorithm. In a simulation study it is shown that the root mean square errors of the estimates are decreased when coordinates are adjusted before estimation. Minor further improvement is achieved by using prior information about the order and the distribution of the points along the sides of the polygon. This paper has its origin in forestry but there are also other applications.     

作为制约条件的OCP:来自通古斯语言寄生型唇状和谐的证据

OCP是一条优选论定义下的制约条件 ;通古斯语言寄生型唇状和谐为这一观点提供了依据。     

一般动力学系统在相空间的Noether定理及其逆定理

根据一般动力学系统在相空间的作用积分在无穷小群变换下的变换性质,分别建立起完整和非完整非保守系统的Noether定理和逆定理.由给出的例子表明,在相空间中可以呈现出动力学系统新的对称性.     

Seasonal host alternation by the andromeda lace bug,Stephanitis takeyai (Heteroptera: Tingidae) between its two main host-plant species

I studied the seasonal occurrence of the andromeda lace bug,Stephanitis takeyai, on its two main host-plant species. In a secondary forest in Kyoto, this bug altered its hosts seasonally, i.e., from an evergreen shrub,Pieris japonica, in winter to a deciduous shrub,Lyonia elliptica, in summer. In contrast, in Nara park where fewL. elliptica were available, the bug exploited onlyP. japonica. Thus, seasonal host alternation by this bug is not obligate. A comparison of adult longevity and fecundity on the two host-plant species demonstrated the higher quality ofL. elliptica as a food resource. Corresponding to this difference in host quality, there was a dramatic difference in the seasonal population growth in the two study sites. In Nara, the population size at the beginning of the 2nd generation was almost the same as in the overwintered generation, whereas in Kyoto the population size in the 2nd generation was approximately one hundred times as large as in the overwintered generation. Thus seasonal host alternation is adaptive for the bug. In a previous study, I reported that overwintering as eggs in living leaves of their hosts is likely to be common among all the related species of this bug. Thus, this trait can be considered to be a phylogenetic constraint to the group. I speculate that host alternation by this bug has been derived because it is more adaptive from autoecy on an evergreen plant, similar to the pattern currently found in Nara, and that this bug can not only exploit deciduous host due to a phylogenetic constraint.