基于概念整合理论的广告双关语嵌合模式解读——以三则烟草广告为例

概念整合理论被广泛应用于解释各种语法结构、语义运用及语用现象。它认为意义的建构是四个心理空间相互映射、相互连接与整合的结果。基于概念整合心理空间理论,以中华牌香烟等三则广告为例,解读了熟语双关、谐音双关、品牌双关以及语义双关几种广告双关语及其嵌合模式。     

交通体系与近代中国区域社会变动 ——胶济铁路与沿线烟草业的发展( 1913—1937)

1898年青岛港的开埠便利了土洋货的进出口,是近代山东经济逐渐融入国际化的表现,而胶济铁路拓宽了青岛港的腹地范围。其沿线美烟的种植结构、生产布局则是对国内外市场对美烟需求做出的反应。胶济铁路作为现代交通方式沟通和促进了美烟的生产、销售两大环节,引起了美烟种植的区域化、专业化和销售的外向型。在近代中国社会转型中这种以路港互动为代表的现代交通网络,对近代区域社会历史进程起到了至关重要的作用。     

略论贾宝玉和甄宝玉——兼论特殊典型化的艺术方法——矛盾分身术

“有两种精神居在我们心胸,一个想要同别一个分离。”甄贾（真假）宝玉是同一个人物思想矛盾的两个方面。这是一种很独特的塑造“矛盾人”的典型化方法。这种方法在现代的中外艺术中,已经很普遍了。曹氏写甄宝玉是用模糊法,高鹗则用了明朗法。这是倾向的不同。真假宝玉也是曹雪芹思想矛盾的某种反映。     

Conditionally Reducible Natural Exponential Families and Enriched Conjugate Priors

Consider a standard conjugate family of prior distributions for a vector-parameter indexing an exponential family. Two distinct model parameterizations may well lead to standard conjugate families which are not consistent, i.e. one family cannot be derived from the other by the usual change-of-variable technique. This raises the problem of finding suitable parameterizations that may lead to enriched conjugate families which are more flexible than the traditional ones. The previous remark motivates the definition of a new property for an exponential family, named conditional reducibility. Features of conditionally-reducible natural exponential families are investigated thoroughly. In particular, we relate this new property to the notion of cut, and show that conditionally-reducible families admit a reparameterization in terms of a vector having likelihood-independent components. A general methodology to obtain enriched conjugate distributions for conditionally-reducible families is described in detail, generalizing previous works and more recent contributions in the area. The theory is illustrated with reference to natural exponential families having simple quadratic variance function.     

薛宝钗另有情缘

文章对薛宝钗终身守寡、从一而终之婚姻结局,从三个方面提出质疑作为薛宝钗影子的花袭人,先事贾宝玉又嫁蒋玉菡而琵琶别抱;用来影射薛宝钗的杨贵妃、李夫人,亦皆一女而事二男之妇;暗示人物命运结局的薛宝钗所抽花签题词引诗,以及贾雨村所吟诗句,皆透露出薛宝钗在贾宝玉出家为僧后,可能另有情缘。其与花袭人琵琶别抱相比,更加犀利地讽刺了封建伦理礼教闺范的自身矛盾性和虚伪性。     

No place like home? Availability,opportunity, and substance use in adolescence

Surveys on drugs and alcohol availability show that (1) alcohol is much more easily accessible than both cannabis and tobacco, and that (2) many adolescents still do not find it ‘easy’ to access those substances. In the current study, we examine the importance of both opportunity and availability in assessing substance use in adolescence. Our measures of opportunity include skipping school and unstructured socializing, while availability measures include parental substance use and perceived availability of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis at home. We draw from two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) survey, and distinguish between (a) predictors of Wave II substance use for the whole sample, and (b) predictors of Wave II initiation for those respondents who reported no use at Wave I. We find that availability at home and parental substance use is correlated with substance-specific current adolescent consumption, but these indicators are not associated with initiation behavior. Instead, initiation seems to be carried by unstructured socializing outside of the home, with availability at home acting as reinforcement once some level of substance use is established.     

Fuzzy属性文法的分解定理与表现定理

提出了广义 Fuzzy 集合与 Fuzzy 属性文法的概念,并给出了 Fuzzy 属性文法的分解定理与表现定理,从两个不同的角度阐明了 Fuzzy 属性文法与普通文法以及它们的代数结构之间的关系。     

土壤水分对烤烟生长和光合作用的影响

两烤烟品种NC82和K326在伸根期、旺长期和成熟期分别以不同的土壤含水量进行处理。结果表明：干旱和淹水使茎高、叶面积生长速率降优；水分过多、过少均使净光合速率（Pn）下降，Pn／P总（总光合速率）、Pr（光呼吸）／P总下降，Dr（暗呼吸）／P总和蒸腾系数则增加。适宜于烤烟伸根、旺长和成熟初期生长和光合作用的土壤相对持水量分别为60％、80％和70％。     

An Enforceable Indoor Air Quality Standard for Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace1

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)has recently been determined by U.S. environmental and occupational health authorities to be a human carcinogen. We develop a model which permits using atmospheric nicotine measurements to estimate nonsmokers’ETS lung cancer risks in individual workplaces for the first time. We estimate that during the 1980s, the U.S. nonsmoking adult population's median nicotine lung exposure (homes and workplaces combined)was 143 micrograms (μg)of nicotine daily, and that most-exposed adult nonsmokers inhaled 1430 μg/day. These exposure estimates are validated by pharmacokinetic modeling which yields the corresponding steady-state dose of the nicotine metabolite, cotinine. For U.S. adult nonsmokers of working age, we estimate median cotinine values of about 1.0 nanogram per milliliter (ng/ml)in plasma, and 6.2 ng/ml in urine; for most-exposed nonsmokers, we estimate cotinine concentrations of about 10 ng/ml in plasma and 62 ng/ml in urine. These values are consistent to within 15% of the cotinine values observed in contemporaneous clinical epidemiological studies. Corresponding median risk from ETS exposure in U.S. nonsmokers during the 1980s is estimated at about two lung cancer deaths (LCDs)per 1000 at risk, and for most-exposed nonsmokers, about two LCDs per 100. Risks abroad appear similar. Modeling of the lung cancer mortality risk from passive smoking suggests that de minimis [i.e., “acceptable” (10^-6)], risk occurs at an 8-hr time-weighted-average exposure concentration of 7.5 nanograms of ETS nicotine per cubic meter of workplace air for a working lifetime of 40 years. This model is based upon a linear exposure-response relationship validated by physical, clinical, and epidemiological data. From available data, it appears that workplaces without effective smoking policies considerably exceed this de minimis risk standard. For a substantial fraction of the 59 million nonsmoking workers in the U.S., current workplace exposure to ETS also appears to pose risks exceeding the de manifestos risk level above which carcinogens are strictly regulated by the federal government.     

也谈中国美学的发展之途--兼与朱立元先生商榷

主客二分思维模式与追寻实体性“美”，都是中国美学存在的问题。后者对美学的影响更具有方向性、根本性。主客二分思维模式影响了中国美学的发展，但不能由此全盘否定认识论的作用。抛弃寻找本体性“美”的思维方式，研究审美现象发生的原因、过程和规律，是中国美学的发展之途。