‘Go on,Go on,Go on’: Sexual Consent,Child Sexual Exploitation and Cups of Tea

This novel paper critically addresses a currently popular sex education resource which compares sexual consent to tea drinking. Drawing from a study which considered the meaning of consent through focus groups and interviews with young people and professionals, we argue that the central ‘risk avoidance’ message of such resources individualises the potential risks of non‐consensual sex and ignores the gendered social structures which shape interpersonal relationships. We suggest that simplifying and extrapolating sexual consent from broader cultural understandings is problematic. Conversations with young people are important, but they need to address the complexity of sexual consent, coercion and gendered sexual norms.     

人身保险中被保险人的合同控制权研究

我国保险法赋予了被保险人变更受益人等控制保险合同的权利,当被保险人欲撤销其同意或者事后对保险合同的订立表示反悔时,完全可以通过变更受益人来避免道德风险或者通过变更受益人间接使得投保人解除保险合同,而无需通过赋予被保险人解除权等权利的方式来达到保护被保险人的目的。     

Accounting for surveillance

This contribution discusses the ways people hold themselves and others accountable for everyday practices of surveillance. It analyses three examples: (1) the “breeching experiments” of the video artist “Surveillance Camera Man,” (2) a “stop and frisk” incident involving a 17‐year‐old boy in Harlem, and (3) the pop‐up windows on websites that ask for users’ consent to use “cookies.” Understanding the relationship between language and securitization, it is argued, requires that we pay attention to the interactional basis of surveillance and the ways rights and responsibilities are negotiated, ratified, challenged, or ignored in the moment‐by‐moment unfolding of communication.     

Obtaining data linkage consent for children: factors influencing outcomes and potential biases

Understanding factors associated with consent for data linkage has largely focussed on adults, but parents or guardians can also be asked to consent on behalf of children for whom they are responsible. A framework for consent decision is presented, and is tested using a large nationally representative survey asking mothers to consent for both themselves and their children for two sets of records. Nearly all mothers give the same consent outcome for all their children. Consent rates are higher for education records than for health records and higher for mothers than children. Multivariate analyses suggest that minorities are generally less likely to consent, while more trust increases chances of consent. Several survey environment factors are important, with harder-to-contact respondents less likely to consent, while the presence of others and higher interviewer-respondent rapport lead to a higher chance of consent. These findings suggest potential methodologies to improve consent rates and possibly minimise bias. This is important given significant demographic differences between children across consent outcomes. However, data from a survey of 10–15 year olds in the study shows fewer differences for several important behaviours and attitudes across consent outcomes.     

从知情同意原则的历史渊源和发展轨迹看其所保护之权利及其性质

在知情同意原则的发展历程中,不管是对“同意”缺失还是“知情同意”缺失的关注,都彰显了对患者的自主权和自身权的尊重。在信息披露是否充分的判定方面,从以“医师”为导向的客观化披露标准到以“患者”为导向的主观化披露标准的演变也为患者自主权和自我决定权的保护做了一个很好的注脚。而在“伤害”诉因和“疏忽”诉因的选择上,支持者和反对者的立论基础也在于患者的自主权和自我决定权。从知情同意原则的发展轨迹中可以窥视出,知情同意原则所保护的权利是患者的自主权和自我决定权。患者的自我决定权是一种人格权,是一种可从国家宪法文本中找到落脚点的宪法权利,是一种在强制医疗场合可对抗国家政府行为无合法根据侵入的自由利益,是一种消极面和积极面两面一体的权利。     

透视与解读:调解的困境与重构

调解 ,作为一种纠纷解决方式 ,在过去承载了过多的传统文化与社会功能的重负 ,以致在社会转型期的今天凸现出自身结构性、技术性的弊端。在调解制度的现代转型过程中 ,从传统的文化解释和功能分析方式转变为对微观调解过程的关注并以此重构法院调解制度 ,是必要的和可行的。     

论美国法中的知情同意原则及我国的立法思考

基于对患者自主权和自我决定权的尊重,美国法要求医师在实施医疗干预措施前必须向患者尽充分的信息披露义务,向患者披露一位理性的患者意欲了解的对患者的医疗决定具有实质性(决定性影响)的风险和信息,除非存在紧急情形、医疗特权和权利放弃的例外情形。如果医方违反知情同意原则,患者可在医疗侵权损害赔偿制度下获得救济。探讨了美国医学法中知情同意原则的法理根据、医师的信息披露义务、患者为保护知情同意权可供选择的诉因和救济途径,分析了美国法的司法和立法实践对我国的启示,并对我国的相关立法进行了思考。     

对“手术同意书”写作的人文思考

手术同意书,是目前我国医院履行风险告知义务的一种法定医疗文书,它的实行,一度引起人们的众多议论。许多人认为,这类文书大都过分强调手术中可能发生的种种不良后果,对医院和医生却缺乏有效约束。现代人文关怀,主张一切为了人,一切服务于人。因此,"手术同意书"的写作,应当站在高度珍视人的健康权和生命权的角度,更全面、真实而通俗地告知有关情况,从而更好地体现医院和医生的责任与义务,使其中内容更公平、公正和完善,也促使医患关系更加和谐。     

手术戒毒被“叫停”的伦理学思考

吸毒者在医学上已经被界定为病人,就应当享有病人享有的一切权利和要求。戒毒手术是力图根除心瘾的一种尝试,但由于它尚处于临床研究阶段,很不成熟,引发了一系列的社会伦理问题。本文就其涉及的知情同意,不伤害、有利,基本生命伦理原则以及戒毒手术费用问题进行道德伦理的探讨,旨在更加人性且理性地对待毒品及其附带问题。     

Evaluation of Legal Liability for Technological Risks in View of Requirements for Peaceful Coexistence and Progress

Legal liability for risk‐generating technological activities is evaluated in view of requirements that are necessary for peaceful human coexistence and progress in order to show possibilities for improvement. The requirements imply, given that political decision making about the activities proceeds on the basis of majority rule, that legal liability should be unconditional (absolute, strict) and unlimited (full). We analyze actual liability in international law for various risk‐generating technological activities, to conclude that nowhere is the standard of unconditional and unlimited liability fully met. Apart from that there are enormous differences. Although significant international liability legislation is in place for some risk‐generating technological activities, legislation is virtually absent for others. We discuss fundamental possibilities and limitations of liability and private insurance to secure credible and ethically sound risk assessment and risk management practices. The limitations stem from problems of establishing a causal link between an activity and a harm; compensating irreparable harm; financial warranty; moral hazard in insurance and in organizations; and discounting future damage to present value. As our requirements call for prior agreement among all who are subjected to the risks of an activity about the settlement of these difficult problems, precautionary ex ante regulation of risk‐generating activities may be a more attractive option, either combined with liability stipulations or not. However, if ex ante regulation is not based on the consent of all subjected to the risks, it remains that the basis of liability in the law should be unconditional and unlimited liability.