大数据时代执法合作中个人数据跨境保护问题研究

为打击跨国网络犯罪,维护国家安全,各国积极开展双边或多边的执法合作,其中对个人数据的保护问题成为关注的焦点.执法领域个人数据保护的全球标准尚未形成,美国和欧盟因数据保护立法的差异性和对隐私权概念的不同理解,在致力于协调两国数据保护立法上进行了诸多尝试,美国和欧盟签订了一系列数据分享协定,比如《欧盟—美国双边法律互助协定》《旅客订座记录协定》《环球银行金融电信协会协定》等,但这些数据分享协定有不同的数据保护标准.为了重建跨大西洋数据流动的信任,美国和欧盟达成了《欧美数据保护总协定》,为美国和欧盟提供综合性的执法领域数据保护框架.根据美国和欧盟的经验,我国应积极参与全球多边规则的制定、统一国内个人数据保护规则、针对执法领域个人数据保护进行专门立法、分阶段和分部门与境外执法机构订立双边协定.     

An assessment of child protection in Bangladesh: How effective is NGO-led Child-Friendly Space?

Many underprivileged Bangladeshi children are vulnerable to child trafficking, abuse, and exploitation. Child-Friendly Space (CFS) is a semi-permanent house space where vulnerable children are given the support to have a safe environment to survive and thrive. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of CFS in providing a protective environment for the children in Bangladesh. A set of secondary and primary data was used to review child protection situation in Bangladesh, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the CFS within a community. An evaluation of child development among the children who attend in the CFS and who do not attend in the CFS was conducted. CFS was found to benefit vulnerable children and communities in terms of protective environment and child development. Children attending in the CFS had better performance at almost every child development indicator. At the community level, child labor decreased in the areas where CFS exists. To respond to the continuing threats of child insecurity, this study presents a set of recommendations for the sustainability of the CFS in the community.     

Comparing child protection decision-making in England and Finland: supervised or supported judgement?

ABSTRACT

Systems for the protection of children have evolved differently across nation states. Studies have identified contrasting system ‘orientations’, related to how child protection problems are framed and how organisations respond in different contexts. In this study, the influence of national and organisational factors on practice-level decision reasoning by social workers has been compared. Interviews were conducted with 30 child protection social workers in sites across England and Finland, structured around two hypothetical case vignettes. While similarities were observed in how the social workers responded to the vignettes, there were differences in the nature and extent of managerial involvement described, with the English social workers appearing to rely on managerial input for decision-making to a greater extent than the Finnish social workers. These findings suggest evidence for two distinct organisational approaches to decision-making: ‘supervised’ and ‘supported’ judgement. Here, supervised judgement describes a hierarchical, ‘top-down’ form of decision-making, while supported judgement describes a more horizontal and shared decision-making approach. The lens of comparative methodology has revealed how these organisational factors come into play in different child protection systems. The practice implications of supervised, manager-led approaches to decision-making, as contrasted with supported, team-led approaches, are discussed.     

Three scenarios for the future of work

After presenting a historical overview of the concept of work and the different meanings that it has acquired over the centuries, the author analyses the value it holds for Europeans, and the impact on work and employment of the popular rhetoric about a technological revolution and its “inevitable” consequences. She then considers the future of work in the light of three scenarios: a “dismantling of labour law”, a “technological revolution” (where automation brings an end to employment), and an “environmental transition”. She argues that the latter is compatible with the imperative to take action on climate change and the expectations placed in work and employment.     

What does empathy sound like in social work communication? A mixed‐methods study of empathy in child protection social work practice

It is widely accepted that empathy is important for social work practice, yet there are multiple dimensions of empathy and comparatively few studies of empathy as a component of social work skill. To date, published studies have been quantitative, and as a result, we know little about how social workers demonstrate empathy in practice or what skilled empathic practice in child and family social work might sound like. This study contributes to the development of understanding of empathy as a social work skill through a mixed‐methods analysis of 110 audio recordings of meetings in a child protection service between workers and parents, applying a coding framework for analysis. Findings indicate that workers who demonstrate higher levels of empathy skill use more open questions and reflections in their communication with parents. Further, they demonstrate curiosity about and make efforts to understand parents' often difficult experiences, including a focus on emotions. That the majority of workers were found not to demonstrate a high level of empathy skill presents concerns to be considered by the social work profession. A deeper understanding of empathy presents an opportunity for an increased focus in organizations to enable workers to demonstrate empathy towards families they work with.     

Providing Limited Local Electric Service During a Major Grid Outage: A First Assessment Based on Customer Willingness to Pay

While they are rare, widespread blackouts of the bulk power system can result in large costs to individuals and society. If local distribution circuits remain intact, it is possible to use new technologies including smart meters, intelligent switches that can change the topology of distribution circuits, and distributed generation owned by customers and the power company, to provide limited local electric power service. Many utilities are already making investments that would make this possible. We use customers' measured willingness to pay to explore when the incremental investments needed to implement these capabilities would be justified. Under many circumstances, upgrades in advanced distribution systems could be justified for a customer charge of less than a dollar a month (plus the cost of electricity used during outages), and would be less expensive and safer than the proliferation of small portable backup generators. We also discuss issues of social equity, extreme events, and various sources of underlying uncertainty.     

论人工智能领域个人信息安全法律保护

人工智能时代的个人数据和信息支撑着人工智能系统的运行，个人信息在当下的重要性和具有的价值已不言而喻。个人信息的识别要素包括"可识别性"和"可固定性"，人工智能领域的个人信息在此基础上呈现出不同形式，包括被"智能物"收集的个人信息和被智能系统分析得出的个人信息。而人工智能在不同情形中侵犯个人信息，其侵权主体在现行法律的规定下难以判定。"智造时代"，人工智能严重威胁着个人信息的安全。因此，在人工智能时代到来的同时，更应当对人工智能领域中的个人信息安全问题提供有效的法律保障。     

人口较少民族非物质文化遗产保护与可持续发展模式的区域性文化空间思考——以西藏林芝地区门巴族、珞巴族和僜人为例

近些年，西藏林芝地区的门巴族、珞巴族和僜人的非物质文化遗产保护主要采用生产性保护、表演性保护和博物馆保护三种模式，这也是国内非物质文化遗产保护的主要模式。然而由于人口较少民族的人口规模小，随着社会发展的加速，其文化的存续空间不断压缩，非物质文化遗产保护的形势极为严峻。对林芝地区人口较少民族这三种非遗保护模式的利弊进行梳理和分析发现，人口较少民族的非物质文化遗产保护应当跳脱以民族为单位的保护思路，代之以区域性的文化空间为单位来进行思考，使这三种模式不是孤立地存在，而是在文化空间的大环境当中互相促进，从而使非遗的保护和发展处在完整的活态“文化场”中。     

The home visit in child protection social work: Emotion as resource and risk for professional judgement and practice

This article conceptualises the role of emotion in social work home visits. It draws on findings from a qualitative study of initial child protection home visits in the United Kingdom. The research used narrative interviews and focus groups to examine how emotions arising from visits were registered in social workers' narratives. These visits were often challenging; social workers needed to manage their own emotions and those of the family, while at the same time investigating concerns and assessing need. This article identifies seven key emotional experiences associated with the home visit from the perspective of the social worker: going into the unknown; being intrusive; being disliked; fear of harm to self; fear of causing or allowing harm; pain, disgust, and distress; and “absorbing” emotion. It is argued that emotion plays a central role in home visiting and that professionals' emotional responses have important implications for the way they make sense of, and manage, home visits. Emotion is therefore conceptualized as both a potential resource and risk for social workers' professional judgement and practice.     

Minimizing the expected time to detect a randomly located lost target using 3-dimensional search technique

Abstract

This paper considers a new model in search theory to find a randomly located target in the 3-dimensional space. An approximation algorithm that facilitates searching procedures for searchers or robots is presented. The expected time to detect the target is also proved. The statistical analysis by calculating the optimal search strategy which minimizes the time to detect the target, assuming trivariate standard normal distribution is provided, and the technique by flowcharts is designed as well. The effectiveness of this strategy is illustrated by introducing an application from real world.