The Role of Operations Management Across the Entrepreneurial Value Chain

This special issue contains articles that exemplify the role of operations management across the entrepreneurial value chain. This value chain encompasses all stages of the entrepreneurial phenomenon, including technology commercialization, where discovery, commitment, organization, and growth must take place. We report on a literature search that identifies research questions categorized with respect to topics crucial to operations management scholars and classify these questions under each stage of this value chain. The search guides the development of an evolutionary path for the use of resources, routines, and reputation (3Rs), often lacking in this process, and enables us to propose modeling and topical gaps in the literature. We offer a framework to set up exemplars for operational tradeoffs uniquely associated with the entrepreneurial value chain. We also articulate how five contributed articles in this issue tackle some of these tradeoffs, prior to introducing four perspective pieces. We hope this discussion motivates follow‐on work and triggers a significant increase in the flow of articles that make it to both entrepreneurship and operations management top‐tier academic and practitioner publications.     

高校创新创业教育研究

创新创业教育对促进就业和经济增长具有重要作用。我国高校创新创业教育经过不断发展完善已形成三种模式,但仍存在诸如创新创业教育理念落后、文化欠缺、师资缺乏、支持服务体系不够完善等问题。实现高校创新创业教育的有效发展,应从创新创业教育文化氛围营造、完善课程体系、建设专家型师资队伍、构建支持服务体系等方面入手,不断培养优质人才,发挥我国人口资源优势。     

我国创业教育政策的价值结构探析——基于政策文本分析的视角

创业教育政策是在特定的价值观和价值标准主导下形成的,这种特定的价值观和价值标准将对其实施效果产生重要影响。通过对相关文献梳理发现,国内对教育政策价值结构的主流观点是从实体价值和符号价值两方面对政策文本进行实证分析。实体价值包括经济、权力、知识、技术、福利,符号价值包括专有称谓、名誉、意识形态、规划目标。以此为基础,对2001年来国务院以及中央各部委颁布的一系列创业教育政策文本进行分析,并从实体价值和符号价值两方面揭示了中国创业教育政策价值结构。在实体价值中,对知识、经济、权力和技术价值的关注较多;在符号价值中,对规划目标关注最多;政府对创业教育政策的实体价值关注度远远高于符号价值;不同阶段的创业教育政策价值呈现出不同的结构特征。最后提出对策建议:适度保持或强化政策实体价值,发挥政府主管部门的行政推动和保障作用;适当加强对符号价值的关注,促进创业教育政策的专业化发展;加强创业教育课程建设,培育创业教育师资;鼓励利益相关者参与创业教育,建立适合创业教育发展需求的支持体系;在不同层次,不同类型教育中开展创业教育,并建立各种教育有机衔接的创业教育体系。     

类型学视野下高校创新创业教育的分层分级分类模式探析

与欧美发达国家相比,我国高校创新创业教育起步晚、积累少、模式雷同,大学生创新创业能力远未达到国家人才战略的要求。以重庆邮电大学为例,基于类型学的研究视角和学理基础,着眼于培养具有创业精神、创新能力的高素质拔尖人才,按照高校创新创业教育目标层次、服务对象、实施载体,构建了高校创新创业教育分层分级分类的全新模式。反思重庆邮电大学的实践探索,认为我国高校创新创业教育今后理应在准确定位高校创新创业教育、系统建立高校创新创业教育课程体系、大力拓展高校创新创业教育实践平台、科学构建高校创新创业教育管理机制等方面下功夫。     

我国高校创业教育的基本问题

本文通过对创业内涵的解构与分析,得出高校创业教育是传递创新精神,注重创业品质,重视实践操作技能的教育活动。它具备实践性、风险性与全面性三个基本特征,在创新人才培养、素质教育的实现以及带动社会就业能力方面均具有重要作用。     

农业农村创新与创业联动机制研究

破除全面推进乡村振兴的创新瓶颈,关键是解决各自为战、低水平重复、转化率不高等导致的创新体系整体效能不高问题。中国农业农村发展的特殊性使其创新体系分为创新生产、成果转化、应用推广三个相对独立的环节。创新体系整体效能不高的根源是三个环节衔接不畅,不同主体逻辑分化导致的部分环节“自我循环”、创新链条短化,叠加小农户创新需求难以表达、创新服务供给成本高,使创新供给与需求不匹配。如果不建立创新供给与需求的内在联系,强调创新供给的资源投入,可能造成更多的资源沉淀和投入浪费。农业农村创业迅速发展形成了大量具有创新内生需求的主体和乡村全面振兴人才,有助于打开创新“自我循环”,畅通创新要素循环流动通道,促进农业农村创新均衡发展。从完善创新体系的需求出发,以联动创业与创新为探索方向,以高质量创业补齐创新体系短板,是增强农业农村创新动能的有效机制。要把创新导向和创新价值的创业纳入农业农村创新体系,统筹生计型创业和创新型创业,建立创新型创业的孵化和服务体系,优化乡村营商和发展环境,推动农业农村创业与创新的融合发展。     

产业智能化与农民工就业质量的影响机理及提升路径

基于当前数字技术快速发展这一现实背景,利用2017-2019年中国家庭金融调查数据,实证检验了产业智能化对农民工就业质量的影响,并从创业、创新和互联网使用三个维度探索就业质量提升路径。研究表明：产业智能化对农民工就业质量具有“替代效应”和“智能化效应”,其中“替代效应”占主导地位,致使产业智能化通过降低农民工的工作稳定性和社会保障水平,阻碍高质量就业;异质性分析发现,第一代和外地农民工、社会资本和技能水平较低的农民工、从事常规性特征工作的农民工、处于东部以及劳动力保护较弱地区的农民工,其就业质量受产业智能化的负向影响更明显。提出促进创业、培养创新意识和提升互联网使用技能可以推进农民工把握新就业形态,从而缓解产业智能化对农民工就业质量的抑制作用、助力高质量就业。     

Doing good while doing business: Using financial viability to enhance employability for the disadvantaged

The employment social enterprise (ESE) model can provide an opportunity to create a financially viable business that helps individuals with employment barriers become integrated into the labor force. This research studied eight ESEs. Findings suggest that by applying private‐sector business principles to a workforce development programs, social enterprises can provide participants with meaningful and valuable work experience, while offsetting program costs. Analysis identified four promising practices that social entrepreneurs should adopt when setting up a new enterprise. Enterprises should (a) provide soft‐skill training and social services to participants; (b) operate at a size that allows for economies of scale in production and the provision of support services; (c) have few occupational skill requirements; and (d) hire supervisors with both industry knowledge and the capacity to support individuals with employment barriers.     

转型经济下民营企业家个体特质、情境对公司创业的驱动机制——基于QCA的探索性研究

在中国经济转型的大市场环境下,企业如何将公司创业的意愿成功付诸于创业行动,是学术界广泛讨论的话题。文章利用全国私营企业调查问卷表数据,以102家私营企业作为案例样本,通过模糊集定性比较分析(QCA)方法将企业家个体特质与情境两个层面整合,同时从这两个层面进一步细分,去探讨组态效应对公司创业的多重并发影响机制。经过数据分析可以获知,企业家的社群式身份是高公司创业活跃度的必要条件,且导致高公司创业活跃度有四条组态(路径)；导致非高公司创业活跃度的有一条组态(路径),两者之间存在非对称关系。     

The opportunity to contribute: disability and the digital entrepreneur

ABSTRACT

A range of scholarly work in communications, informatics, and media studies has identified ‘entrepreneurs’ as central to an emerging paradigm of digital labor. Drawing on data from a multi-year research project in the virtual world Second Life, I explore disability experiences of entrepreneurism, focusing on intersections of creativity, risk, and inclusion. Since its founding in 2003, Second Life has witnessed significant disability participation. Many such residents engage in forms of entrepreneurship that destabilize dominant understandings of digital labor. Most make little or no profit; some labor at a loss. Something is being articulated through languages and practices of entrepreneurship, something that challenges the ableist paradigms that still deeply structure both digital socialities and conceptions of labor.

Disability is typically assumed to be incompatible with work, an assumption often reinforced by policies that withdraw benefits from disabled persons whose income exceeds a meagre threshold. Responses to such exclusion appear when disabled persons in Second Life frame ‘entrepreneur’ as a selfhood characterized by creativity and contribution, not just initiative and risk. In navigating structural barriers with regard to income and access, including affordances of the virtual world itself, they implicitly contest reconfigurations of personhood under neoliberalism, where the laboring self becomes framed not as a worker earning an hourly wage, but as a business with the ‘ability’ to sell services. This reveals how digital technology reworks the interplay of selfhood, work, and value – but in ways that remain culturally specific and embedded in forms of inequality.