On the asymptotic distribution of a class of aligned rank order test statistics in randomized block designs

In the present investigation, the unconditional asymptotic distribution of a class of aligned rank order test statistics for randomized block designs is derived under the null hypothesis and for nearby alternatives, as the number of blocks tends to infinity. The proofs of these results are based on the asymptotic equivalence in quadratic mean between aligned observations and their ranks and thus are quite similar to the Hájek and SKidák (1967) approach.     

功能等效论与跨文化广告翻译

广告翻译主要是商标和广告词翻译,包含了许多跨文化因素,体现了功能等效原则的可行性、相对性以及局限性。完美的翻译应做到音、形、义的相对统一,即译本同源本一样,对消费者产生相等或近似相等的效果,以激发消费者的购买欲。     

纽马克《翻译方法》一书中形式对等翻译思想述评

对纽马克《翻译方法》一书中的翻译理论和翻译方法进行了分析和评述。在纽马克看来 ,翻译理论来源于实践并最终指导实践。一个翻译理论不应只强调动态对等一个原则 ,必须考虑到不同的文本类型和相应的翻译标准。一般来说 ,在文学翻译中 ,应特别关照原文中的各种形式因素 ,甚至包括可能时的声音效果     

从关联理论看对等原则的局限性

对等原则是翻译理论中的一个基本概念 ,也是当前翻译研究中的热点问题之一。尽管对等原则被广泛地探讨、应用 ,但其是否能运用于一切文本翻译 ?译文本能否达到真正的完全等值 ?本文力求依据关联理论 ,并结合英汉翻译实例 ,试图论述对等原则的局限性 ,最后得出结论 :等值只能是相对的、近似的 ,不等值才是绝对的 ;译文的质量取决于相关因素间的趋同度 ;任何翻译都应以目的语接受者的认知假设为导向 ,明确清晰地传达原文作者的意图     

一个组合不等式的证明

在讨论完全三部图K（m,n,r）的色等价问题时,需要化简一个组合不等式。文章证明（^e1s） ＋（^e2s）≤（^e-1s）,2≤s≤e－1,其中e1＋e2＝e,1≤e1≤e2≤e－1,等式成立当且仅当e1＝1或e2＝e－1。     

An isomorphism check for two-level fractional factorial designs

Two fractional factorial designs are isomorphic if one can be obtained from the other by reordering the treatment combinations, relabelling the factor levels and relabelling the factors. By defining a word-pattern matrix, we are able to create a new isomorphism check which is much faster than existing checks for certain situations. We combine this with a new, extremely fast, sufficient condition for non-isomorphism to avoid checking certain cases. We then create a faster search algorithm by combining the Bingham and Sitter [1999. Minimum aberration fractional factorial split-plot designs. Technometrics 41, 62–70] search algorithm, the isomorphism check algorithm of Clark and Dean [2001. Equivalence of fractional factorial designs. Statist. Sinica 11, 537–547] with our proposed isomorphism check. The algorithm is used to extend the known set of existing non-isomorphic 128-run two-level regular designs with resolution ?4$?4$ to situations with 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 factors, 256- and 512-run designs with resolution ?5$?5$ and ?17$?17$ factors and 1024-run even designs with resolution ?6$?6$ and ?18$?18$ factors.     

Challenging a culture of racial equivalence

We live at a time when our understandings and conceptualizations of ‘racism’ are often highly imprecise, broad, and used to describe a wide range of racialized phenomena. In this article, I raise some important questions about how the term racism is used and understood in contemporary British society by drawing on some recent cases of alleged racism in football and politics, many of which have been played out via new media technologies. A broader understanding of racism, through the use of the term ‘racialization’, has been helpful in articulating a more nuanced and complex understanding of racial incidents, especially of people's (often ambivalent) beliefs and behaviours. However, the growing emphasis upon ‘racialization’ has led to a conceptualization of racism which increasingly involves multiple perpetrators, victims, and practices without enough consideration of how and why particular interactions and practices constitute racism as such. The trend toward a growing culture of racial equivalence is worrying, as it denudes the idea of racism of its historical basis, severity and power. These frequent and commonplace assertions of racism in the public sphere paradoxically end up trivializing and homogenizing quite different forms of racialized interactions. I conclude that we need to retain the term ‘racism’, but we need to differentiate more clearly between ‘racism’ (as an historical and structured system of domination) from the broader notion of ‘racialization’.     

Non-parametric tests for the tail equivalence via empirical likelihood

In this paper, the problem of whether the left tail and the right tail of a distribution share the same extreme value index (EVI) is addressed and we propose two different test statistics. The first one is based on the result of the joint asymptotic normality of the two Hill estimators for the EVIs of both tails. And therefore, we can construct a quotient-type test statistic, which is asymptotic χ²(1) distributed after some standardization. The second test statistic proposed in this paper is inspired by the two-sample empirical likelihood methodology, and we prove its non parametric version of Wilk’s theorem. At last, we compare the efficiencies of our two test statistics and the maximum likelihood (ML) ratio test statistic proposed by Jondeau and Rockinger (2003 Jondeau, E., Rockinger, M. (2003). Testing for differences in the tails of stock-market returns. J. Empirical Finance 10:559–581.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) in terms of empirical first type error and power through a number of simulation studies, which indicate that the performance of the ML ratio test statistic is worse than our two test statistics in most cases.     

Testing for Equivalence of Means under Heteroskedasticity by an Approximate Solution of a Partial Differential Equation of Infinite Order

Abstract. A test for two‐sided equivalence of means has been developed under the assumption of normally distributed populations with heterogeneous variances. Its rejection region is limited by functions ± h that depend on the empirical variances. h is stated implicitly by a partial differential equation, an exact solution of which would provide a test that is exactly similar at the boundary of the null hypothesis of non‐equivalence. h is approximated by Taylor series up to third powers in the reciprocal number of degrees of freedom. This suffices to obtain error probabilities of the first kind that are very close to a nominal level of α = 0 . 05 at the boundary of the null hypothesis. For more than 10 data points in each group, they range between 0.04995 and 0.05005, and are thus much more precise than those obtained by other authors.     

Using crowdsourced online experiments to study context-dependency of behavior

We use Mechanical Turk's diverse participant pool to conduct online bargaining games in India and the US. First, we assess internal validity of crowdsourced experimentation through variation of stakes ($0, $1, $4, and $10) in the Ultimatum and Dictator Game. For cross-country equivalence we adjust the stakes following differences in purchasing power. Our marginal totals correspond closely to laboratory findings. Monetary incentives induce more selfish behavior but, in line with most laboratory findings, the particular size of a positive stake appears irrelevant. Second, by transporting a homogeneous decision situation into various living conditions crowdsourced experimentation permits identification of context effects on elicited behavior. We explore context-dependency using session-level variation in participants' geographical location, regional affluence, and local social capital. Across “virtual pools” behavior varies in the range of stake effects. We argue that quasi-experimental variation of the characteristics people bring to the experimental situation is the key potential of crowdsourced online designs.