Implementation fidelity and adolescent smoking: The X:IT study—A school randomized smoking prevention trial

BackgroundAssessing the actual implementation of multi-component interventions can provide important knowledge for future interventions. Intervention components may be implemented differently, knowledge about this can provide an understanding of which components are essential and therefore must be included. The aim of this study was to examine the implementation of one, two, or all three main intervention components at the individual level and to assess the association to current smoking among 13 year-olds in the X:IT study.MethodsData stems from a cluster-randomized controlled trial in 94 Danish elementary schools (51 intervention; 43 control schools). Implementation was measured by aspects of adherence, dose, quality of delivery, and participant responsiveness based on questionnaire data from 4161 pupils at baseline (mean-age: 12.5 years) and 3764 pupils at first follow-up eight months later. Coordinator responses from 49 intervention schools were also included. Associations between individual level implementation of the three main components and pupil smoking were examined through a 3-level logistic regression model.ResultsAlthough implementation fidelity for the three main intervention components was good, only one third (38.8%) of pupils in intervention schools were exposed to full implementation of the intervention. Among these pupils odds ratio for smoking was 0.25 (95% CI: 0.15 – 0.42).ConclusionsSchool-based programs can be very effective if carefully implemented. Future school-based smoking preventive initiatives should include multiple components, and seek to enhance implementation quality of all components.     

Sexual abuse prevention programme fidelity: video analysis of interactions

This paper identifies key themes from research into programme fidelity of sexual abuse prevention programmes. It presents a detailed analysis of programme fidelity within a study of the Tweenees school‐based abuse prevention programme (Barron and Topping, 2010 ). The paper reports how programme fidelity was addressed in a programme delivered to survivors of child sexual abuse by experienced survivor organisation workers. There was also study of programme fidelity in the delivery of the programme to grade‐seven pupils through co‐working between survivor organisation workers and teachers. Video was taken of all four sessions delivered to the survivors' group. To begin to explore programme fidelity when lessons were co‐delivered by survivor organisation workers and a teacher, the first session of a grade‐seven class was videoed. Survivor organisation workers achieved high levels of programme fidelity characterised by facilitative communicative behaviours (e.g. affirming responses, seeking clarification, checking understanding and summarising). The grade‐seven teacher's communication was characterised by a behaviour management focus. Video analysis of interactions was a useful measure for programme fidelity and analysing appropriate communication underpinning delivery of the programme. Recommendations for future programme fidelity measures are provided for researchers and practitioners in the field. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Methodological strategies for evaluating youth gang prevention programs

This article reflects on common challenges and lessons learned during the evaluation of gang prevention programs based on case studies of three federally funded Canadian programs. Elements of evaluation design, implementation, data analysis and reporting of results are discussed. More specifically, the article highlights issues that occur when evaluating community projects focused on preventing extreme risks for violence and the complexity of working in potentially dangerous and/or unstable work environments. Topics covered include the problem with quasi-experimental designs, model fidelity adherence, program documentation, client recruitment and retention, and data collection. Recommendations are provided to improve evaluations of youth gang prevention programs and similar community-based interventions that focus on the prevention of youth violence.     

综论《文选》的编者问题(上)--从文献可信度层面上辨"与刘孝绰等撰"说不能成立

《古今诗人秀句序》的"昭明太子萧统与刘孝绰等撰集《文选》"与《中兴书目》注的昭明太子"与何逊、刘孝绰等撰集"《文选》说,是被学林普遍用以证明《文选》为萧统与刘孝绰等编纂一说最主要的"客观材料",但是这两条"客观材料"是没有从文献可信度层面辨析的。其说难以成立。《文选》只能是昭明太子一己之所撰。     

文学翻译的未完成特性

我国翻译史上以"忠实"作为翻译的首要标准。但文学翻译因其译作者存在对原作理解的不完整性、不同时代译者对文学作品的理解的时空差异的特点;同时,各个时代的读者也存在其特定时代读者的需要,因此,文学译作具有未完成特性。重译或复译是文学翻译的必然趋势。     

翻译伦理再思考

翻译伦理作为翻译领域的一个热点,相关研究刚刚开始,文章通过对翻译主体间伦理的系统回顾,指出翻译主体间伦理的讨论不能单纯强调译者单方的责任或权力,其他主体如赞助人、评论人同样对于理想翻译的语言或文化动因的实现负有责任。同时,对译者忠实于文化间伦理的必要性、作者给予译者不忠实的权利、Lefevere有关中西方忠实策略的不完善之处、译者的可读性、责任的相对性以及赞助人的多层次性等问题进行了分析探讨。     

翻译中选词的标准

选词得当与否会直接影响译文能否清楚反映原作的精神和风格。若选词得当可以使语言表达既形象、具体,具有更高的概括性,同时又不乏风趣、诙谐的表义效果。文章着重探讨了翻译中选词的三项主要标准——准确、简洁、生动,并指出选词不能仅仅满足于在目标语中找到对等词,而是要充分考虑所选词语的具体使用场合以及同其它词语的搭配等。     

会计信息防假对策分析

对三种防止会计信息失真的措施进行了分析 :会计委派制度虽然在防止经营权侵犯所有权方面起到了一定的作用 ,但其会计控制外化的错位将导致所有者与经营者之间的对抗而无助于问题的解决 ;稽察特派员制度虽避免了新的政企不分 ,但只是对结果的监督 ,不可长期使用 ;财务总监制度使会计的双层监督职能得以真正落实 ,更具科学合理性     

汉代诸侯荐璧朝觐制度探因

汉代诸侯的荐璧朝觐制度不只是一项礼仪制度,而且还是重要的政治制度与财经制度。由于玉璧具有强烈的等级表征功能与政权象征意义,所以诸侯的荐璧朝觐,也是确立君臣名分、彰显等级尊卑的过程。同时,皮荐制度也是汉廷凭借政治权力攫取诸侯贵族经济利益的财政工具,旨在解决中央的财政危机。