鲁迅为什么不看重《阿Q正传》--兼论国民性批判写作与启蒙主义之关系

鲁迅对<阿Q正传>的较低评价长期以来遭到了遮蔽.该文抉发有关文学史实,从创作主体自我评价、史家评述两方面证实了这一问题,并进而分析了其产生原因及其对20世纪文学的客观影响.该文认为,以<阿Q正传>为代表的五四启蒙文学之所以陷入客体化、非人化的写作误区,既是启蒙宗旨与国民性批判表述模式之间固有的缝隙所致,也与儒家传统的君子哲学深有关联.这一局限深刻地制约了20世纪中国文学的良性发展.     

法律漏洞的语境分析

法律有否漏洞一直是法学史上一个争论不休的话题。在法学三大流派中,只有分析法学最能满足现代法治之需。站在分析法学的立场,由于语言的不确定性、抽象价值的不可衡量性、法律意识形态的多元性,使实证法律规范不可避免地出现不圆满和不协调,此即为法律漏洞。     

英语阅读中的错误推断与理解空白

1In trodu ctionForm any students,read ing is by far the mostimportant ofthe four sk ills in a second language(Carrell,1989).Forstudents in Ch ina,where English is learned as a fore ign languageand face-to-facecommun ication w ith native speakers of Eng-li…     

Public–private wage differential and gender gap in Latin America: Spoiled bureaucrats and exploited women?

This paper uses a rich collection of household surveys to investigate the wage differential between the public and private sectors in 13 Latin American countries. It also studies how the sector of employment affects the gender wage gap. Contrary to what is commonly thought, it is found that, in the majority of Latin American countries, there is a premium associated with working in the public sector. It is also found that the premium is often higher for women than for men but that this difference does not compensate for the wide gender gap.     

What makes motherhood so expensive?: The role of social expectations, interdependence, and coordination failure in explaining lower wages of mothers

This paper utilizes expectations imposed by society to explain lower wages of mothers compared to non-mothers in the labor market. Social expectation, interdependence between mothers’ labor supply and childcare services, and lack of coordination between employers, employees (mothers), and childcare services explain how an economy can be caught in a ‘trap’ exhibiting large wage differences. Higher levels of human capital, increased coordination along with affordable childcare services in a more modern economy allows for specialization, increasing returns, and the possibility for a better outcome due to multiple equilibria.     

北京居民收入差距不断扩大所带来的影响

北京市在经济快速增长、居民收入水平不断提高的同时,城镇居民之间、农村居民之间以及城乡居民之间的收入差距呈现出不断扩大的趋势,这对北京经济效率、产业结构、消费需求、投资等方面产生了影响,值得引起注意。     

大学生能力认知差距及其培养研究--以重庆高校旅游管理专业为例

高校是旅游产业人力资源的培养基地,学生的能力是检验旅游高等教育质量的标尺。通过对重庆市高校旅游管理专业学生及其培养者、使用者的调查发现:学生及其培养者、使用者对学生的能力培养期望、学生实际能力的感知水平以及3者对学生的能力培养期望与实际能力的感知水平之间都存在明显的差距。差距的根源在于3者之间缺乏沟通与交流,对高校培养目标与教育环境的认知偏差以及生活阅历、知识经验的差异。要缩小差距,高校需要及时修正培养目标,使3者的期望保持合理的水平;切实改善教育环境,调整培养模式,增强学生的实际能力。     

“The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States: The Importance of College and Fertility Delay”

One of the stylized facts from the past 30 years has been the declining rate of first births before age 30 for all women and the increase rate of first births after age 30 among women with four-year college degrees (Steven P. Martin, Demography, 37(4), 523–533, 2000). What are some of the factors behind womens decision to postpone their childbearing? We hypothesize that the wage difference often observed between like-educated mothers and non-mothers (Jane Waldfogel, Journal of Labor Economics, 16, 505–545, 1998a; Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(1) 137–156, 1998b) may be affected by the postponement of childbearing until after careers are fully established. Hence, we focus on college-educated women because they are typically more career-oriented than their non-college educated counterparts and also the group most often observed postponing maternity. We use individual-level data on women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) in order to control for individual-level unobserved heterogeneity as well as human capital characteristics, such as actual work experience, in our empirical analysis. We estimate wage equations, first producing base-line results to compare to the existing literature. Then, we expand the basic wage equation model to address fundamental econometric issues and the education/fertility issue at hand. Our empirical findings are two-fold. First, we find that college-educated mothers do not experience a motherhood wage penalty at all. In fact, they enjoy a wage boost when compared to college-educated childless women. Second, fertility delay enhances this wage boost even further. Our results provide an explanation for the observed postponement of maternity for educated women. We argue that the wage boost experienced by college-educated mothers may be the result of their search for family–friendly work environments, which, in turn, yields job matches with more female-friendly firms offering greater opportunities for advancement.JEL Codes: J13 and J3     

劳动力流动的人力资本障碍——解释流动与收入差距同时扩大的悖论

随着信息经济的迅猛发展,发展中国家明显存在三元经济结构。与二元经济条件下的劳动力流动的条件不同,在三元经济结构中,人力资本起决定作用。在三元经济模型中,我国农村剩余劳动力无限供给条件下,农村劳动力的流动一方面促进了我国城市化发展,但另一方面,由于人力资本障碍等原因,造成我国城乡收入差距进一步扩大。在此背景下,缩小我国城乡收入差距,必须采取新的对策措施。     

缩小贫富差距促进社会和谐

经济社会发展的最终目的是实现全体民众的共同富裕。缩小贫富差距是一项艰巨而长期的工作,要遵循公平正义、基本保障和平等协商的原则,在法律、政策、规划和工作机制等方面持续做出努力,着力解决就业、初次分配、再分配、社会保障等利益协调问题。