Controlling Anger and Happiness at Work: An Examination of Gender Differences

This article examines gender differences in the emotion management of men and women in the workplace. The belief in American culture that women are more emotional than men has limited women's opportunities in many types of work. Because emotional expression is often tightly controlled in the workplace, examining emotion management performed at work presents an opportunity to evaluate gender differences in response to similar working conditions. Previous research suggests that men and women do not differ in their experiences of emotion and the expression of emotion is linked to status positions. An analysis of survey data collected from workers in a diverse group of occupations illustrates that women express anger less and happiness more than men in the workplace. Job and status characteristics explain the association between gender and anger management at work but were unrelated to the management of happiness expressions in the workplace.     

Cranky Old Women? Irritation,Resistance and Gendering Practices in Work Organizations

This article discusses midlife women's irritation and resistance in waged work. Old age is stereotypically conceptualized as a time of tranquility and wisdom, but whether women are included in this stereotype is a matter of question. This article concentrates on instances in which women are regarded instead as cranky and difficult when they age. The article is based on interviews of 56 to 64‐year‐old women and men employees, personnel managers, and trade union representatives employed in 10 work organizations. Of these, the gendering practices of three organizations, a hospital, and food and metal industry organizations, are analyzed in detail. The article asks what irritates midlife women, and suggests that gendering practices in the organizations can be seen to produce that which is perceived as ‘cranky old women’.     

社会性别的界定及其意义

该文论述了近年来国际社会兴起的一个崭新概念社会性别的界定、社会性别背后隐含的权力关系、社会性别的平等权利,向人们提供一个认识人类自身的新视角.     

JOB INSECURITY,STRESS AND GENDER

This study examined the complex relationships between gender, job insecurity and job-related stress. Previous findings have suggested that men experience greater job insecurity than women, and are more vulnerable to job-related stress. The current study tested the hypothesis that the gender ideology of employees moderates the effect of gender on job insecurity and stress. Data were obtained by questionnaires from a sample of 203 married employees. The results showed that traditional men experience greater job insecurity than traditional women. However, as hypothesized, egalitarian men and women exhibited similar degrees of job insecurity. Furthermore, job insecurity in traditional men and in egalitarian men and women was related to loss of control stress, financial stress and stress expressions at home, whereas traditional women were relatively protected from job-related stress. These findings illuminate the important moderating role played by gender ideology in the relationships between gender, job insecurity and stress.     

和谐社会构建下的性别平等教育

促进性别平等的教育是构建和谐社会的必然趋势和重要内容。本文在探讨性别平等教育相关概念的基础上，回顾近十几年来国际社会与中国政府对性别平等所做出的重要教育承诺，反思教育领域中性别平等的进展状况，指出质量不足、制度化欠缺和多元文化视角的盲点是影响性别平等教育顺利实施的主要问题。     

基督教与近代中国女性意识的觉醒——以心态史学为视角的历史考察

在以宗法父权制结构为特征的中国传统社会,父权至上的权威人格,"三从"、"四德"的纲常伦理以及宗法父权制度对女性角色的塑造与建构,确立了以"男尊女卑"的性别定位为核心的性别文化,并成为汉代以后两千多年中国社会主导意识形态.基于专制强权统驭下的男尊女卑的心理定势,经过不断的强化和延续,成为一种集体无意识潜藏在人们的心理结构当中,导致了性别文化心理结构的长期稳定状态.中国女性意识的觉醒是在近代那个特殊历史背景下,在中西文化的碰撞和冲突面前开始的.西方基督教的传播,对近代中国女性意识的觉醒,尤其是对女性自身心态的转变,以及由此而产生的妇女解放运动都起到了一定的促进作用.     

Integrating Educational Careers in Work and Family

Educational careers are shaped by both work and family roles. This study compares middle-class dual-earner couples in which wives were currently returned to school (N = 124) with couples in which the wives had never returned to school (N = 866). These data are combined with additional in-depth interviews with 24 women who returned to school. Our life course perspective highlights why working women return to school, the resistance they experience in redefining family roles, and outcomes on family and marital satisfaction. Gendered family adaptive strategies, made earlier in the life course, are associated with the decisions to return to school and the negative impact this decision has on family life quality.     

Mobile Selves: Gender, ethnicity and mobile phones in the everyday lives of young Pakistani-British women and men

This paper focuses on mobile phone use by a young minority ethnic group as a medium through which to explore diversity and technology use in everyday life. Recent research with young people has shown that mobile phones are instrumentally, socially and emotionally important but few have problematized the homogeneous concept of 'youth'. This paper argues for increased recognition of the intersections of social categories such as youth, gender and ethnicity with technologies, specifically mobile phones, in order to understand complexity of use. Drawing on new empirical, qualitative data from an urban area in the North East of England we explore the focus group narratives of young Pakistani-British Muslim women and men focusing on the notion of 'shifting' gendered and cultural identities and social practices, developed and reworked in relation to the use of mobile phones. We look at the gendered dynamics of mobile use, including gender talk and text, and ask whether the young women and men experience mobiles differently in everyday life. We also explore the ways in which mobiles are used to create 'space of one's own' and the gendered dynamics of remaining connected, especially to key peer groups. The paper concludes with the assertion that in order to fully explore the mutability of youth cultures across space and time, we need to develop a more dynamic concept of 'mobile selves' by exploring the place and meaning of technologies such as mobile phones in the rich tapestries of young people's lives.     

华宴:十一世纪的性别与文体

中国雅正文化形成于9—11世纪。此时,一个另类的话语空间开始出现,并把传统诗歌形式排斥在外,通过这种排斥,使传统诗歌成为雅正的。这个另类话语空间即本文所谓华宴。北宋初年晏殊的家宴是一个典范。这类诗酒集会有严格的规矩,通常是歌伎的演唱暗示和挑动欲望,但她们的表演总是突然中止,女性被罢遣,接下来的重心转向属于男性社会的创作:雅正的诗传统。他们的词里关于丧失与渴望的意象,实际上正好体现了社会对词曲表演本身的限制,因而成为合法的。另一方面,词体中文言和白话语言层次的参差对照及突出转换,也暗示了欲望的中止和诗意的产生。如此,雅正文学在其自身的形成中获得了一个影子,它在词中存在,容纳了在雅正的诗文中不能表现的东西,并使其他一切都变得缺乏意义。     

新时期文学30年的回顾

作为文学史建构的新时期文学，既有社会发展的生成原因，也有文学史研究自身的生成因素。新时期文学史建构的三个基点：“人”的主题贯穿，文学性体认的去蔽，整体性的架构。文化结构内部的不平衡造成文学治史思考的困惑。针对困惑进行的反思：坚持把新时期文学本体作为出发点和立足点；在整体性语境中整合文化资源，进行现代性观照；注重中国特色文学理论建构。