英国文官制度述论

英国是世界上最早建立文官制度的国家,它在1870年就确立了文官制度,截至目前为止已经有一百三十多年历史。英国文官制度的形成和确立经历了长期、曲折和复杂的过程。文官制度的建立过程与英国的政治体制变化紧密相关。17世纪中叶英国资产阶级革命前,英国是一个封建君主专制的国家,它的文官制度表现为“恩赐官职制”;英国资产阶级革命后,两党制日益成熟,它的文官制度表现为“政党分赃制”;第二次世界大战后,科学技术飞速发展,尤其是五六十年代,欧美等国发生了新技术革命,使政府的专业化程度日益加强,它的文官制度表现为“考试择优录用制”。现在英国的文官制度是1968年改革后的产物。本文仅对英国文官制度产生的过程、特点及影响进行述评,使我们从中有所借鉴。     

Gaussian copula distributions for mixed data,with application in discrimination

The construction of a joint model for mixed discrete and continuous random variables that accounts for their associations is an important statistical problem in many practical applications. In this paper, we use copulas to construct a class of joint distributions of mixed discrete and continuous random variables. In particular, we employ the Gaussian copula to generate joint distributions for mixed variables. Examples include the robit-normal and probit-normal-exponential distributions, the first for modelling the distribution of mixed binary-continuous data and the second for a mixture of continuous, binary and trichotomous variables. The new class of joint distributions is general enough to include many mixed-data models currently available. We study properties of the distributions and outline likelihood estimation; a small simulation study is used to investigate the finite-sample properties of estimates obtained by full and pairwise likelihood methods. Finally, we present an application to discriminant analysis of multiple correlated binary and continuous data from a study involving advanced breast cancer patients.     

Constructing optimal designs for fitting pharmacokinetic models

We consider some computational issues that arise when searching for optimal designs for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. Special factors that distinguish these are (i) repeated observations are taken from each subject and the observations are usually described by a nonlinear mixed model (NLMM), (ii) design criteria depend on the model fitting procedure, (iii) in addition to providing efficient parameter estimates, the design must also permit model checking, (iv) in practice there are several design constraints, (v) the design criteria are computationally expensive to evaluate and often numerical integration is needed and finally (vi) local optimisation procedures may fail to converge or get trapped at local optima.We review current optimal design algorithms and explore the possibility of using global optimisation procedures. We use these latter procedures to find some optimal designs.For multi-purpose designs we suggest two surrogate design criteria for model checking and illustrate their use.     

Tests of hypotheses based on ranks in the general linear model

A unified approach is developed for testing hypotheses in the general linear model based on the ranks of the residuals. It complements the nonparametric estimation procedures recently reported in the literature. The testing and estimation procedures together provide a robust alternative to least squares. The methods are similar in spirit to least squares so that results are simple to interpret. Hypotheses concerning a subset of specified parameters can be tested, while the remaining parameters are treated as nuisance parameters. Asymptotically, the test statistic is shown to have a chi-square distribution under the null hypothesis. This result is then extended to cover a sequence of contiguous alternatives from which the Pitman efficacy is derived. The general application of the test requires the consistent estimation of a functional of the underlying distribution and one such estimate is furnished.     

台湾师范教育变革之趋势

１９９５ 年后，台湾的师资培育工作已由师范院校扩及到一般的大学院校，从而使台湾的师范院校面临着很大的冲击。为了不致于在师资培育方面失去其重要地位，台湾的师范院校都采取了应对性策略。今后，台湾师范院校将以向综合大学转型作为主要的发展趋势。     

关于高等教育分权改革几个一般性问题的探讨

路径依赖与制度创新、静态定位与动态平衡、集权与分权的平衡以及事权与财权的划分是高等教育分权改革过程中需要认真探讨的一般性问题。高等教育分权改革是一项制度创新工程，但又难以回避路径依赖的影响，这就决定了改革不存在普适性模式。改革中要确立有效的法律调控机制，同时又要因应环境不断作出调整，因而改革最好选择渐进的模式。分权存在下限，改革中国家的宏观调控作用必不可少。另外，既要下放事权，又要下放财权，同时应坚持事权相对分散、财权相对集中的原则。     

工科化学教学效果的影响因素分析及对策

对合肥工业大学工科化学课程的教学效果进行了问卷调查，分析了影响工科化学教学效果的因素，并在此基础上提出了相应的对策。认为应通过改进教学方法、教学手段和实验教学以及加强师生交流，提高工科化学的教学效果。     

全国新农村建设综合评价研究

针对我国各地新农村建设情况，提出一种有效的评价方法。从生产发展、生活保障、文明与环境这3个方面，建立全国新农村建设综合评价指标体系。以31个省、市、自治区为例，运用层次分析法建立综合评价模型，经过运算，确定各地新农村建设的综合发展状况，并给出具体分析。     

论统一商事立法中的商业账簿制度

根据国内外立法对商业账簿制度的规定,结合商事实践中的经验、教训和需求,未来统一商事立法中关于商业账簿的规定应当包括五个方面的内容:商人制作商业账簿的义务,商业账簿具体制作和保管责任人,商业账簿的合法性、真实性、完整性和效力,商业账簿的提交,商业账簿的保管期限。     

广义卡方型混合分布的鞍点逼近

广义卡方型混合分布在许多非参数检验问题中有着广泛运用。通常采用正态分布近似这类分布，但是在非大样本的情况下，正态近似的效果并不理想。运用鞍点逼近技术近似广义卡方型混合随机变量的密度函数和分布函数，并且与正态近似方法以及卡方近似方法进行了比较。模拟表明鞍点逼近效果要优于其余两种方法，特别是密度函数尾部区域。