On units of Analysis and Creativity Theory: Towards a “Molecular” Perspective

This article addresses the issue of units of analysis and atomistic models in psychology taking creativity research as a case study. A classic typology in this area, initially proposed by Rhodes (1961), distinguishes between the four P's of creativity: person, process, product, and press (environment). Continuing an effort to rewrite this basic language of the discipline from a cultural psychological perspective in the form of five A's (actor, audience, action, artefact, affordances), the discussion here focuses on bringing relationships to the fore within this framework and problematising strict distinctions between each of the five elements. A closer look at the five A's of creativity, drawing on theoretical considerations and illustrated by interviews with creators working in different domains, reveals the permeable borders surrounding these units and challenges clear divisions between actors and audiences, action and artefacts, actors and artefacts. In the end, it is argued that creative phenomena cannot be properly understood and studied outside of their integrated and dynamic totality defined as a creativity complex. Implications of adopting this “molecular” perspective for theory and methodology are discussed.     

现代汉语中东北方言的语音变体初探

本文旨在借鉴Firth的韵律分析法探讨现代汉语中东北方言的语音变体现象，其中包括鼻化现象，硬腭化现象，平卷舌混淆现象，清浊音混淆现象，边音化现象等。同时分析了产生这些变体现象的原因，进而就英汉两种语言在语音上的差异来分析英语学习方面存在的障碍。     

DEA-based production planning

Production in large organizations with a centralized decision-making environment like supermarket chains or factories with many workshops, usually involves the participation of more than one individual unit, each contributing a part of the total production. This study is motivated by a production-planning problem regularly faced by the central decision-making unit to arrange new input and output plans for all individual units in the next production season when demand changes can be forecasted. Two planning ideas have been proposed in this paper. One is optimizing the average or overall production performance of the entire organization, measured by the CCR efficiency of the average input and output levels of all units. The other is simultaneously maximizing total outputs produced and minimizing total inputs consumed by all units. According to these two ideas, we develop two DEA-based production planning approaches to find the most preferred production plans. All these individual units, considered as decision-making units (DMUs), are supposed to be able to modify their input usages and output productions. A simple numerical example and a real world data set are used to illustrate these approaches.     

海上钻井平台立法研究论纲——从船舶到科学发展海洋经济的视野转换

海上钻井平台立法研究在船舶视野下出现困境。根据钻井平台所涉社会关系的本质,立法研究必须转换到科学发展海洋经济的视野下进行。未来应基于这一新视野,确立社会本位、世界本位的价值导向,正视产业促进、利益保护的制度需求,构建这两方面平衡的钻井平台立法理论基础和制度体系。     

清水江流域苗侗民族传统糯禾特殊计量单位研究

清水江流域是中国苗族、侗族等少数民族的重要聚居区之一,同时也是中国传统糯禾的主要产区之一．笔者在参加国家社科基金重大项目“清水江文书整理与研究”的过程中,发现苗侗民族在清水江文书中使用一组特殊计量单位来计算传统糯禾的田地面积与收成产量。本文以清水江文书为中心,结合地方文献资料,具体考证并深入分析苗侗民族关于传统糯禾特殊计量单位的历史源流和主要特点,进而揭示了苗侗族的特殊本土智慧.     

生产要素层次理论

本文首次提出了狭义和广义两种生产要素概念.基于广义生产要素新概念,提出了生产要素层次理论,即由基本生产要素(生产元素)、单元生产要素、行业生产要素和部门生产要素四个层次构成广义生产要素体系.     

论层次逻辑与意象系统——以“多、二、一（0）”螺旋结构切入作考察

逻辑层次是以多样的“二元对待”为基础,经“移位与转位”之作用过程,趋于“多、二、一(0)”螺旋结构之终极统合,而形成其完整系统的。而这种系统,可用于组织个别意象,形成整体意象,以反映辞章之意象系统,充分反映逻辑层次与意象系统之迭合关系。     

Rudimentary Reading Repertoires via Stimulus Equivalence and Recombination of Minimal Verbal Units

We report a study with sixteen low-SES Brazilian children that sought to establish a repertoire of relations involving dictated words, printed words, and corresponding pictures. Children were taught: (1) in response to dictated words, to select corresponding pictures; (2) in response to syllables presented in both visual and auditory formats, to select words which contained a corresponding syllable in either the first or the last position; (3) in response to dictated-word samples, to “construct” corresponding printed words via arranging their constituent syllabic components; and (4) in response to printed word samples, to construct identical printed words by arranging their syllabic constituents. After training on the first two types of tasks, children were given tests for potentially emergent relations involving printed words and pictures. Almost all exhibited relations consistent with stimulus equivalence. They also displayed emergent naming performances––not only with training words but also with new words that were recombinations of their constituent syllables. The present work was inspired by Sidman''s stimulus equivalence paradigm and by Skinner''s functional analysis of verbal relations, particularly as applied to conceptions of minimal behavioral units and creativity (i.e., behavioral flexibility) in the analytical units applied to verbal relations.     

电磁波泵自由电子激光的线性增益

假定电子具有螺旋轨道的条件,来用简单的迅级近似的方法。求解了电子的运动方程和能量方程,导出了电磁波泵自由电子激光的线性增益。呈现出电磁波泵自由电子激光所特有的性质,即工作在不同稳定轨道上具有不同的线性增益,且第一类稳定轨道的线性增益大于第二类稳定轨道的线性增益。     

论意义的两个来源和语言哲学的任务——从语言游戏规则和单位的还原说起

维特根斯坦《哲学研究》中意义即用法的理论只是意义来源的一个方面。由对指称的概括形成的意义是意义的另一个来源。自然语言是通过有限单位和游戏规则生成无限句子的活动，学会语言游戏必须掌握这些有限的单位和游戏规则，而提取这些单位和游戏规则需要平行周遍对比。对平行周遍对比的进一步分析可以看出，意义用法论和意义概括论这两个意义的来源不能相互替代，都是初始的，这就决定了语言哲学的任务不仅仅是弄懂词的用法，更重要的是要通过对概括方式和概括过程的分析来回答和认识论有关的问题。