论"品式":西晋《户调式》、北魏《丘井式》、隋《输籍样(式)》

两汉的"式"制取"样"的意思,一种制度的标准模式,与"品"制结合,谓之"品式",构成"汉制"的一个重要组成部分.魏晋"品式"普遍化,一般事务均有"品式"的规定.<户调式>是西晋赋税"品式"中"样"方面的规定,用作划分户等时比照和折算的基样.北魏<丘井式>是户籍编造的样式.<输籍样>仿自<户调式>,也用来"定户上下".<通典>不懂"品式"制,把<户调式>中修饰"样"的形式方面的规定,即"占田"、"课田"从"式"中抽出,当作土地制度归入<田制>;把<丘井之式>中的"均田"幌子当真,视其为由国家分配土地的"均田制";把<输籍样>解释为"轻税"之法,目的在于挖"浮客".<通志>、<文献通考>继承了这些错误,并一直影响至今.     

Marital Status and Other Correlates of Personal Bankruptcy, 1986–2004

ABSTRACT

Relying on National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) data, this retrospective cohort study found that 11.6% (n = 882) of the eligible study sample (N = 7,609) declared personal or nonbusiness, nonentrepreneurial between 1986 and 2004. These debtors had average annual incomes that were about 2.5 times official poverty thresholds. Those who were divorced in 2004 were most likely to have declared bankruptcy (16.4%), followed by separated (13.9%), married with spouses present (11.2%), and never–married (7.0%) persons. Specific correlates of bankruptcy varied by year. Marital status was associated with likelihood of declaring bankruptcy in only 6 of 14 survey years: Never-married persons at the time of declared bankruptcy were less likely than married persons to declare, whereas formerly married persons, whether divorced or separated, were more likely than married persons to do so. Formerly married persons who declared bankruptcy bounced back economically to a lesser degree than did married persons, even though their predeclared bankruptcy levels of economic well-being were roughly equivalent. Interaction effects showed that formerly married women were more likely to declare bankruptcy than their male counterparts.     

The Disputation of Ashraf Salim

In Kafka's fable ‘Before the Law’ the appeal to infinite regress, to higher and deeper authority, creates the illusion of an interiority of law that someone or something is within the hallowed and hollowed abode of the law even if this indwelling is merely the performance of withholding law from others. The Combatant Status Review Tribunals at Guantanamo (2004–2005) similarly inscribed a territory, a space and a speculum where the sovereignty of the state was performed as the event of withholding of law. In the recesses of the security state, in the security state as an assemblage of recesses, the law itself is securitized and subjected to an extraordinary rendition and consigned to a black site from which all other black sites are authored and transmitted.     

Attitudes Toward Spousal Caregiving in Late Adulthood

Abstract

The study dealt with differences in attitudes toward spousal caregiving among pre-retired (n = 269) versus retired (n = 250) Israelis. Attitudes toward spousal caregiving at times of illness were examined from three perspectives: Commitment to caregiving, perceived harmful effects of caregiving, and delegation of responsibility for caregiving. Compared with the pre-retired group, the retirees revealed higher levels of commitment and showed less of a tendency to delegate responsibility for caregiving. At the same time, they perceived caregiving as having more harmful effects. In addition, different variables were found to explain these attitudes among both groups of participants. Among the pre-retired participants, equality in household tasks contributed most toward explaining commitment to spousal caregiving. Among the retired participants, in contrast, past assistance from the spouse was one of the most significant variables. For both groups of participants, past assistance from the spouse and equality in division of household tasks were the best predictors of perceived harmful effects. With regard to delegating responsibility for caregiving, the most salient variables among both groups of participants were marital tension and equality in division of household tasks. No gender-based differences were found in attitudes toward caregiving.     

Sirens’ Call: Understanding Poor Financial Decision Making and Credit Card Misuse

Poor financial decision-making paradigms such as misuse of credit cards exist as ruinous forms of personal debt. Psychiatric and physical health problems arise from financial distress. Significant challenges exist for consumers to become financially solvent. Obstacles that exist in overcoming financial stressors can be explained by behavioral economic theories. These theories explain why consumers make unwise financial decisions. Research, practice implications, and a financial therapy model for improving financial decision-making skills are presented. The need for social work to ally with family economic scholars and policymakers around financial literacy and the development of effective financial therapy interventions is discussed.     

Exploring the relationship between gambling,debt and financial management in Britain

The issue of how and why gamblers end up in debt has received comparatively little attention in the literature. Data from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) revealed that although problem gamblers were more likely than non-problem gamblers to have forms of financial debt, just under two-thirds of problem gamblers (62%) reported having no debt. Using a qualitative approach, this study aimed to explore the issue from the perspective of gamblers themselves through interviews with 27 purposively sampled gamblers drawn from participants who took part in the APMS and the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2010. Analysis, using the Framework method, suggested the existence of four kinds of gamblers categorized by their approach to gambling spending and their approach to their general spending: ‘controlled gamblers’, ‘uncontrolled gamblers’, ‘uncontrolled spenders’ and ‘chaotic spenders’. Also proposed on the basis of these data is an ecological model which aims to capture the different levels of personal and environmental factors that influenced people's financial decisions, including cognitive factors, control and compulsion, normative spending, resource and financial management, and the credit environment. The implications for practice are also discussed.     

制度资本与新型城镇化的机理研究简

通过问卷与访谈调查发现．中国当前的新型城镇化已具有了新的根本性质,即新资本形态（制度资本）、新商业模式（制度经营）、新作用路径（制度资本更新）、新动力机制（高效）、新平衡机制（包容）、新推进措施（可持续性）等。从制度资本理论的视角,研究发现新型城镇化是创造中国制度红利的重要手段,也是企业家制度经营的关键平台,更是制度资本动态积累的核心载体。民营企业通过参与新型城镇化明显地改变了基层的土地管理制度、社区规划制度、社区管理制度、就业择业制度与基层财税制度等,从而形成了企业的重要的制度资本。既有利于民营企业突破瓶颈而显著提高经营绩效,也有利于居民摆脱困难而明显地改善生活条件。还有助于基层政府转变职能而有效地提升管理效率等。同时,制度资本积累的新型城镇化路径亦是实现中国人民共同富裕中国梦的关键。     

欧洲财政联盟:作用、局限与展望

当前欧元区成员国的债务动态性质存在三种类型,财政联盟对不同类型成员国的意义不同。财政联盟若仅着眼于强化财政纪律,改善预算状况,已无法扭转债务超标和恶化趋势。要避免联盟陷于崩溃,须继续深化和强化联盟,围绕降低实际利率和给成员国减债进行创新性制度设计,将联盟拉回债务可持续的轨道。动态计算显示,在成员国基本盈余比率改善2个百分点、经济增长率提高1个百分点、实际利率降低1个百分点和给成员国减债幅度约7000亿欧元的环境下,可实现成员国债务比率的按期达标。