关于单位犯罪的几个问题

本文从四个方面对单位犯罪问题进行了探讨。第一,单位犯罪主体的范围界定问题。单位犯罪的主体,无论是不是法人,都必须是依法成立的组织。第二,单位犯罪的主客观特征。主观上有故意和过失两种。客观上是行为人以单位的名义实施了由单位集体决定或者由负责人员决定的危害社会的并由法律规定的犯罪行为。第三,对单位犯罪的处罚应严格执行双罚制,对罚金刑标准应遵守刑法分则的规定,不能采取以罚代刑的办法。第四,对单位犯罪的处罚采取两罚制为主,单罚制为辅的方式。     

传统中国农村基层社会管理及其现代价值

传统中国形成了一元化的行政管理与多元化社会基层组织自我管理有机结合的社会管理体制。以此为背景,在农村社会管理中,则主要依托家族、乡里等基层社会组织自我管理。基层组织通过制定民间规约,集互助互济、行为规范、调处纠纷、过失相规于一体,寓管理于利益之中,化管理于日常生活秩序,极大地节约了社会管理成本。当代中国农村社会管理应汲取其精华,以村民共同利益为农村社会管理的基础,重视微基层组织建设,并给基层组织自我管理留下一定的必要空间。     

文化涵化与族群认同——青海河南蒙古族文化涵化问题研究

河南蒙古族是厄鲁特蒙古和项特部的一支,在明代就已皈依藏传佛教,清初移牧黄河河曲后.由于受到藏族文化和藏传佛教的进一步影响,文化发生持续涵化,尤其是作为文化传承裁体的本民族语言文字的丧失使得民族文化的传承和再生产发生断裂,同时经济和生计模式的相似性和跨族群宗教认同的建立和强化,使得河南蒙古族与周围藏族间社会一体性和同质性加强,族群认同也愈来愈与文化认同叠合式模糊.     

More than ideology: perceived unfairness differentiates supporters of a new anti-austerity party from supporters of traditional left-wing parties / Más que ideología: la injusticia percibida diferencia a los simpatizantes de un nuevo partido antiausteridad de los simpatizantes de los partidos tradicionales de izquierda

After the outbreak of the economic crisis in 2008, anti-austerity parties in South Europe have gained prominence and dramatically transformed the political landscape. In Spain, the emergence of PODEMOS, a left-wing, anti-austerity party, has jeopardized the traditional two-party system. However, little is known about the psychological reasons that prompted more than one million Spaniards to vote for a newly created party in its first elections. To fill this gap the present study examines why people intend to vote for PODEMOS as opposed to traditional left-wing parties. We found that in addition to conventional predictors of voting behaviour (ideological orientation and party identification), perceived unfairness — a key variable within the collective action theory — critically influenced the preference for PODEMOS as opposed to traditional left-wing parties. A qualitative analysis of the reasons that participants reported in an open question yielded similar results. These findings suggest that supporting an anti-austerity party might be considered a collective action aimed at promoting social change.     

Transformational Leadership and Volunteer Firefighter Engagement

This study explores the relationship between transformational leadership and volunteer firefighter engagement. Using responses from 213 volunteer firefighters, structural equation modeling reveals a positive relationship between transformational leadership and volunteer engagement, which is mediated by both group identification and perceived social impact. In addition, higher volunteer engagement is positively related to a firefighter's intention to continue volunteering and to recruit others. Taken together, the results indicate that transformational leaders achieve positive volunteer outcomes by strengthening the organizational ties of volunteers and by connecting volunteers with the prosocial impact of their work. Theoretical implications for transformational leadership research in volunteer settings as well as practical recommendations for a sustainable volunteer management are provided.     

Gender Differences in the Effects of Personality Traits on Party Identification in the United States

This study examines whether the Big Five personality traits have different effects on male and female party identification in the United States. Research has found associations between personality traits and partisanship in the United States. However, there is solid evidence of gender differences in personality traits, and past studies have not yet considered whether personality-partisanship relationship might be gender-differentiated. This study finds that with the increase of agreeableness, women tend to be Republicans, but men tend to be Democrats. Furthermore, as openness to experience increases, women are more likely to be strong partisans, but men are more likely to be independents or leaning partisans. To sum up, this study provides evidence that the effects of the Big Five personality traits on party identification vary by gender and suggests that it is wrong to assume that the Big Five personality traits have the same impacts on male and female party identification.     

Invariant tests based on M-estimators,estimating functions,and the generalized method of moments

We study the invariance properties of various test criteria which have been proposed for hypothesis testing in the context of incompletely specified models, such as models which are formulated in terms of estimating functions (Godambe, 1960) or moment conditions and are estimated by generalized method of moments (GMM) procedures (Hansen, 1982), and models estimated by pseudo-likelihood (Gouriéroux, Monfort, and Trognon, 1984b,c) and M-estimation methods. The invariance properties considered include invariance to (possibly nonlinear) hypothesis reformulations and reparameterizations. The test statistics examined include Wald-type, LR-type, LM-type, score-type, and C(α)?type criteria. Extending the approach used in Dagenais and Dufour (1991), we show first that all these test statistics except the Wald-type ones are invariant to equivalent hypothesis reformulations (under usual regularity conditions), but all five of them are not generally invariant to model reparameterizations, including measurement unit changes in nonlinear models. In other words, testing two equivalent hypotheses in the context of equivalent models may lead to completely different inferences. For example, this may occur after an apparently innocuous rescaling of some model variables. Then, in view of avoiding such undesirable properties, we study restrictions that can be imposed on the objective functions used for pseudo-likelihood (or M-estimation) as well as the structure of the test criteria used with estimating functions and generalized method of moments (GMM) procedures to obtain invariant tests. In particular, we show that using linear exponential pseudo-likelihood functions allows one to obtain invariant score-type and C(α)?type test criteria, while in the context of estimating function (or GMM) procedures it is possible to modify a LR-type statistic proposed by Newey and West (1987) to obtain a test statistic that is invariant to general reparameterizations. The invariance associated with linear exponential pseudo-likelihood functions is interpreted as a strong argument for using such pseudo-likelihood functions in empirical work.     

Reduced forms and weak instrumentation

ABSTRACT

This paper develops exact finite sample and asymptotic distributions for a class of reduced form estimators and predictors, allowing for the presence of unidentified or weakly identified structural equations. Weak instrument asymptotic theory is developed directly from finite sample results, unifying earlier findings and showing the usefulness of structural information in making predictions from reduced form systems in applications. Asymptotic results are reported for predictions from models with many weak instruments. Of particular interest is the finding that, in unidentified and weakly identified structural models, partially restricted reduced form predictors have considerably smaller forecast mean square errors than unrestricted reduced forms. These results are related to the use of shrinkage methods in system-wide reduced form estimation.     

Take it to the top: Imagined interactions with leaders elevates organizational identification

Organizational identification is an important predictor of workplace behavior. The more strongly an individual identifies with their employing organization, the more motivated they will be to behave in ways that promote its success. In this paper we develop a new approach to fostering organizational identification based on principles of mental simulation. Across seven experiments we demonstrate that imagining positive contact with an organizational leader increases identification with the organization they represent. Experiments 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A and 3B replicated the basic effect against progressively varied control conditions, utilizing both scenario and field experiments. Experiment 4 demonstrated that as a consequence of heightened organizational identification following the imagined contact task, participants reported greater intentions to engage in organizational citizenship behaviors. We conclude by discussing the potential application of this technique as a simple and effective way for organizations to foster employees' motivation and performance.     

Calibrated Bayes factors for model comparison

A Bayes factor between two models can be greatly affected by the prior distributions on the model parameters. When prior information is weak, very dispersed proper prior distributions are known to create a problem for the Bayes factor when competing models differ in dimension, and it is of even greater concern when one of the models is of infinite dimension. Therefore, we propose an innovative method which uses training samples to calibrate the prior distributions so that they achieve a reasonable level of ‘information’. Then the calibrated Bayes factor can be computed over the remaining data. This method makes no assumption on model forms (parametric or nonparametric) and can be used with both proper and improper priors. We illustrate, through simulation studies and a real data example, that the calibrated Bayes factor yields robust and reliable model preferences under various situations.