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151.
152.
冯丽 《华北水利水电学院学报(社会科学版)》2013,29(2):111-113
现代经济社会的发展对职业技能人才的规格提出了新的要求,要适应这一变化,必须高移职业教育层次。家庭经济支持能力的提高和丰富的高等教育资源为高移职业教育层次提供了可能性。 相似文献
153.
While public expenditure on health care and long‐term care (LTC) has been monitored for many years in European countries, far less attention has been paid to the financial consequences for older people of private out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenditure necessary to access such care. Employing representative cross‐sectional data on the elderly populations of 11 European countries in 2004 from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we find that OOP payments for health care and LTC are very common among the elderly across European countries and such expenditures impact significantly on disposable income: up to 95 per cent of the elderly make OOP payments for health care and 5 per cent for LTC, resulting in income reductions of between 5 and 10 per cent, respectively. Failure to prevent financial ruin, as a consequence of excessive OOP payments, is evident in 0.7 per cent of elderly households utilizing health care and 0.5 per cent of elderly households utilizing LTC. Those particularly concerned are the poor, women and the very old. 相似文献
154.
Studying the right tail of a distribution, one can classify the distributions into three classes based on the extreme value index γ. The class γ>0 corresponds to Pareto-type or heavy tailed distributions, while γ<0 indicates that the underlying distribution has a finite endpoint. The Weibull-type distributions form an important subgroup within the Gumbel class with γ=0. The tail behaviour can then be specified using the Weibull tail index. Classical estimators of this index show severe bias. In this paper we present a new estimation approach based on the mean excess function, which exhibits improved bias and mean squared error. The asserted properties are supported by simulation experiments and asymptotic results. Illustrations with real life data sets are provided. 相似文献
155.
Andrew Dorward 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2011,29(6):647-664
The 2008 spike in world grain prices is widely recognised to have had serious impacts on food security and poverty, but these high grain prices are commonly described as low in historical terms – an inconsistency resulting from the use of advanced‐ and global‐economy price indices in calculating real prices. This ignores the high share of food in poor people's expenditures and the indirect effects of income growth on expenditure patterns of rich consumers. Poor consumers have not experienced the same falls in real food prices and are more vulnerable to price shocks. Different price indices must be developed to take account of differences between consumer groups. 相似文献
156.
曹旭 《辽宁医学院学报(社会科学版)》2009,7(4):55-57
团体心理辅导以团体情景为依托,团体内的人际交互作用,可以促使个体在交往中通过观察、学习、体验来认识自我、探讨自我、接纳自我,调整和改善与他人的关系,学习新的态度与行为方式,以发展良好的适应行为。运用团体心理辅导的训练方法,对贫困大学生进行团体心理辅导,可以改善这一群体的心理健康状况。 相似文献
157.
Benoît Liquet 《统计学通讯:模拟与计算》2013,42(6):1198-1218
To reduce the dimensionality of regression problems, sliced inverse regression approaches make it possible to determine linear combinations of a set of explanatory variables X related to the response variable Y in general semiparametric regression context. From a practical point of view, the determination of a suitable dimension (number of the linear combination of X) is important. In the literature, statistical tests based on the nullity of some eigenvalues have been proposed. Another approach is to consider the quality of the estimation of the effective dimension reduction (EDR) space. The square trace correlation between the true EDR space and its estimate can be used as goodness of estimation. In this article, we focus on the SIRα method and propose a naïve bootstrap estimation of the square trace correlation criterion. Moreover, this criterion could also select the α parameter in the SIRα method. We indicate how it can be used in practice. A simulation study is performed to illustrate the behavior of this approach. 相似文献
158.
ABSTRACTThe varying-coefficient single-index model (VCSIM) is a very general and flexible tool for exploring the relationship between a response variable and a set of predictors. Popular special cases include single-index models and varying-coefficient models. In order to estimate the index-coefficient and the non parametric varying-coefficients in the VCSIM, we propose a two-stage composite quantile regression estimation procedure, which integrates the local linear smoothing method and the information of quantile regressions at a number of conditional quantiles of the response variable. We establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators for the index-coefficient and varying-coefficients when the error is heterogeneous. When compared with the existing mean-regression-based estimation method, our simulation results indicate that our proposed method has comparable performance for normal error and is more robust for error with outliers or heavy tail. We illustrate our methodologies with a real example. 相似文献
159.
Amaryllis Tiglao‐Torres 《Asian Social Work and Policy Review》2011,5(3):198-217
The paper provides an overview of the poverty situation in the Philippines, followed by a brief profile and assessment of two anti‐poverty programs: the Kapit‐Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan‐Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (KALAHI‐CIDSS) program and the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). Official statistics disclose that the global economic crisis in 2008 adversely affected Filipino households, leading to higher levels of poverty especially in rural areas. In response, government introduced an Economic Resiliency Program with social protection as one component. Sixty‐six social protection programs were launched, including the two under review. KALAHI‐CIDSS and the 4Ps apply poverty reduction strategies that focus on the development of human and social capital, rather than economic capital. They involve processes and relationships that aim to improve the other dimensions of poverty, such as lack of access to opportunities or deprivation of basic human necessities. Qualitative and quantitative reports describe generally favorable outcomes from both programs. However, these gains at the household level need to be supported by relevant policy, enhanced public services and badly‐needed infrastructure programs from government, in order to sustain achievements culled from social protection programs and attain broader developmental impacts. 相似文献
160.
全面建设小康社会是“十六大”确定的重要目标。边远、落后的民族地区能否实现小康事关全局。本文就青海目前的发展现状和差距及如何实现民族地区的小康社会作了一些探讨。 相似文献