新常态下推进"撤村建居"的探索与思考

"撤村建居"是一个庞大的系统工程,与国家、集体和个人利益息息相关,稍有不慎就会造成社会的不稳定因素.要以有利于经济社会全面发展、有利于加强社会事务管理、有利于提高人民生活水平为要求,统一规划,合理布局,加快农村社区建设,推进新型城镇化步伐.在实施过程中应注意妥善解决好以下问题:"撤村建居"过程中原村集体资产的处置,"撤村建居"后的换届,"撤村建居"后的公益事业及工作经费,"撤村建居"后的社区划分和管理,失地农民的社会保障,建设资金的来源等.     

Youth Perspectives on Social Insurance in Egypt: Qualitative Insights on the Gap between Legal and Effective Coverage

A gap between legal and effective coverage rates is a common challenge facing social insurance systems in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries. This article draws on an exploratory qualitative study with youth in Egypt to examine how labour market dynamics and worker preferences contribute to this gap. Labour market factors, particularly instability of employment and job mobility, were found to reduce the perceived value of social insurance. Poor understanding of how social insurance works was another contributing factor. However, youth displayed a high level of trust in the public social insurance system and saw pensions as valuable in the abstract. In combination with awareness promotion, eliminating penalties to discontinuous labour force participation could make social insurance more attractive to youth.     

Geographic labour mobility and unemployment insurance in Europe

Conventional wisdom suggests that the generous provision of UI in Europe can account for the low regional mobility rates. Emphasizing the disincentive effect, this hypothesis ignores that UI might also have a positive effect by relaxing liquidity constraints in the presence of mobility and search costs. This paper investigates empirically the effect of UI on geographic labour mobility for five European countries. Overall, the findings suggest that receiving benefits is not associated with lower mobility, and they indicate that the effects might vary depending on the institutional characteristics and the incentive structure of the UI system of each country.      

金融危机背景下大龄返乡农民工养老保障模式与政策支撑

金融危机对我国中小型企业产生了巨大影响，企业的经营困难造成了一大批失业返乡的农民工，而其中的大龄农民工面临着更为严峻的困境。如何解决他们养老保障问题成为当今社会关注的热点。对现实生活中大龄返乡农民工养老面临的四大困境分析表明，从国家养老保障政策的支持、社会养老关系网络的构建、充分发挥受保主体的自保能力三个层面来构建金融危机后大龄返乡农民工养老保障的模式．具有一定的现实意义和价值。     

Shadow Insurance

Life insurers use reinsurance to move liabilities from regulated and rated companies that sell policies to shadow reinsurers, which are less regulated and unrated off‐balance‐sheet entities within the same insurance group. U.S. life insurance and annuity liabilities ceded to shadow reinsurers grew from $11 billion in 2002 to $364 billion in 2012. Life insurers using shadow insurance, which capture half of the market share, ceded 25 cents of every dollar insured to shadow reinsurers in 2012, up from 2 cents in 2002. By relaxing capital requirements, shadow insurance could reduce the marginal cost of issuing policies and thereby improve retail market efficiency. However, shadow insurance could also reduce risk‐based capital and increase expected loss for the industry. We model and quantify these effects based on publicly available data and plausible assumptions.     

农村居民大病保险经济补偿能力及效果

经济补偿是农村居民大病保险的基本职责,经济补偿能力是履行该职责的前提和基础,经济补偿效果是履行该职责的具体体现。利用江苏省5个样本地区的实地调研数据,从横向和纵向两个维度评估了各地大病保险的经济补偿能力,从大病保险的受益面、患者个人自付比例、大病保险基金使用率等指标综合衡量各地大病保险的经济补偿效果。研究发现,医疗费用、筹资机制、政策设计等多种主客观因素共同约束着大病保险经济补偿能力和补偿效果的发挥,亟需从补偿主体的衔接、大病费用的控制、筹资机制的建设、大病保险的服务等方面进行改进。     

企业无力清偿欠薪的法律应对:基于香港的经验

1980-1982年经济危机爆发后,香港因大量企业倒闭引发欠薪浪潮,欠薪优先权机制出现失灵.以国外经验为模本,香港构设了欠薪保障基金制度.该制度依托完善的法律程序将欠薪纳入专门基金予以垫付,并逐渐提高垫付标准.这种法律设计特点鲜明,实际运行数据也证明比较成功.这为解决当前农民工极端讨薪事件频发、欠薪问题季节性爆发的顽疾,提供了极具参考价值的制度化思路.我国应当鼓励地方探索和构建企业欠薪保障制度.     

保险素养、收入差异与农民商业保险参与

乡村振兴战略的实施激发了农民在“医、养、住、行”等方面对美好生活的追求,与之对应的各类保险保障需求也随之涌现。对保险素养影响农民商业保险参与的机理进行了阐释,并使用陕西省565户农户的调查数据,实证检验了保险素养对农民商业保险参与选择的影响,以及农民个人收入差异对保险素养影响其商业保险参与的调节效应。研究表明,保险素养会显著促使农民商业保险参与概率增加3.1%。此外,个人经济收入差异对保险素养促进农民商业保险参与并未发挥出调节作用,即提升个人收入水平并不会增强保险素养对农民商业保险参与的促进作用。因此,有必要采取提高农民保险素养、有针对性地开发设计符合农民诉求的保险产品等措施促进农民商业保险消费,进而促进商业保险在农村地区的发展。     

地方政府以商业保险协同社会救助机制研究

面对社会救助领域依然存在的各种风险，一些地方政府越来越多地采取购买商业保险的形式来协助救助对象予以应对，在大病医疗及护理、自然灾害、意外伤害等领域，商业保险较多介入到社会救助之中。文章在阐述商业保险介入社会救助现状的基础上，对此进行了理论和实践分析，认为目前的社会救助领域依然存在政府独自承担而财政负担沉重的问题，问题的化解应形成政企合作、政社合作多元参与的社会救助机制。      

医疗保险对农村居民家庭消费的影响分析--基于不同收入层级的跨地区比较

利用2009、2010农村固定观察点数据，分析了医疗保险对不同地区、不同收入层级的农村居民家庭医疗消费支出和非医疗消费支出的影响。实证结果表明：医疗保险对农村居民家庭的医疗类消费不存在显著影响，对非医疗类消费支出则存在显著的正向促进作用。分地区来看，医疗保险对东西部地区农村居民家庭医疗类消费的影响差异显著，对东中部地区农村居民家庭非医疗类消费支出的影响同样差异显著；分收入层级来看，医疗保险对家庭医疗类消费的影响在不同收入层级的农村居民家庭之间不存在显著差异，但对非医疗类消费支出的影响在不同收入层级之间差异显著。此外，商业医疗保险作为医疗保险体系的重要组成部分，对促进农村消费起到带动作用。最后，本文从加大政府补贴和完善保障机制两个方面提出政策建议以期有效降低农村居民家庭超常的预防性储蓄，促进农村居民家庭消费。