工程哲学的兴起与发展——李伯聪教授访谈

李伯聪，男，1941年生，河南省禹县人，是我国知名哲学家。现任中国科学院研究生院工程与社会研究中心副主任、教授、博士生导师，《自然辩证法研究》常务副主编，中国自然辩证法研究会学术工作委员会主任、工程哲学专业委员会副理事长。主要著作有：《人工论提纲》（1988年）、《高科技时代的符号世界》（1999年）、《工程哲学引论》（2002年）等。主要研究方向：工程哲学、科学哲学、跨学科工程研究。2008年6月10日下午，笔者就工程哲学的兴起与当前发展、我国研究工程哲学的特点、发展前景、有待开拓的新领域等方面的热点问题与李教授进行访谈，现整理成文，以飨读者。     

华夏文明曙光的追寻者——沈长云教授访谈

沈长云，男，1944年生，著名历史学家。“无奴派”五家（黄现瑶、张广志、胡钟达、沈长云、晁福林）之一，否认中国历史经过奴隶社会，突破“五种生产方式”束缚。进一步“解放思想，实事求是”地研究了先秦的社会性质、土地制度、中国早期国家起源等问题，有很高的学术价值。2008年4月25日上午，笔者就沈教授的学术成就和目前研究方向等进行访谈，整理成文，以飨读者。     

Exploring Mobility in Public Environments among People with Cognitive Functional Limitations—Challenges and Implications for Planning

Abstract

Mobility in public environments is an important part of people’s everyday life. However, living with functional limitations often means limited mobility. To plan for public environments that enable mobility for everybody, knowledge about various user groups’ mobility is important. Up until now, knowledge concerning the mobility of people with cognitive functional limitations has been scarce. The aim of this paper is to explore, from experts’ perspectives, mobility in public environments among people with cognitive functional limitations (target group). The findings of focus group interviews with experts showed that the target group had to keep external and internal challenges at a manageable level in order to maintain mobility. The target group’s mobility is interpreted as depending on both the individuals’ cognitive capacity in relation to environmental demands as well as the motility of the members of the target group, i.e. how they form their opinions about their possibilities for mobility. Both those aspects are important for planners to consider in order keep the target group mobile.     

社会工作实务中初次访谈的建构

社会工作实务中初次访谈是建立专业关系、开展专业服务的基础,初次访谈的建构应以社会工作专业伦理和价值理念为基础,以专业理论和方法技巧为基石,坚持从以人为本、助人自助的价值选择出发,明确访谈的目标,做好访谈前准备,娴熟地运用技巧掌控访谈进程,构建有血有肉有灵魂的初次访谈体系。     

Informational Interview: Broadening Helping Field Professional Students’ Perception of Employment Opportunities in the Real World

Abstract

This study examines the impact of an informational interview assignment on students’ understanding of the human services field and their educational and career plans. Twenty-three students completed both questionnaires and open-ended questions in this study. Questionnaires were collected before and after the assignment to assess student’s knowledge, beliefs, attitudes of their major as well as a measurement of their confidence in their ability to succeed in the major; open-ended questions for student reflection were also collected after the assignment. Findings from the survey and open-ended questions suggest (a) the assignment was helpful for students to gain an understanding of the field, (b) students had an increase in a positive attitude toward the field, (c) the need to help students further clarify educational and career goals. Future research should encourage longitudinal studies of the effect of the informational interview on student’s educational and career plans.     

An Examination of the Attitudes Underlying Sexual Coercion Among Acquaintances

Summary

Analyses of rape-supportive attitudes, with few exceptions, have not included conceptual or operational definitions of attitudes, and analysts have not explicitly examined the affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of attitudes toward rape. The purposes of the present article are to (a) use a social psychological framework for the analysis of attitudes toward rape and (b) examine the usefulness of distinguishing between the affective and cognitive components of attitudes toward rape. Three studies are presented. In Study 1, items from 14 published attitudes-toward-rape scales were categorized as affective, cognitive, or behavioral. Results revealed that 1.1% of the items were identified as behavioral; 52.2% of the items were categorized as cognitive and 46.7% as affective. Secondary analyes of published data revealed the respondents reported more disagreement with affectively-based rape attitude items than cogintively-based rape attitude items. In study 2, we further examined the distinction between affective and cognitive components of attitudes using Burt'S (1980) Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Data collected from college men confirmed the affective-cognitive distinction. Furthermore, affectively-based attitudes, but not cognitively-based attitudes, were correlated with level of self-reported sexual coercion. In Study 3, we compared affective and cognitive components using a factor-analytically derived attitude measure. These analyses replicated the findings from Study 2. Together, these results support the importance of attending to the separate components of attitudes. In particular, the affective component of attitudes toward rape may have more predictive utility than the cognitive component.     

TWO SURVIVOR CASES: THERAPEUTIC EFFECT AS SIDE PRODUCT OF THE BIOGRAPHICAL NARRATIVE INTERVIEW

This paper draws a parallel between the biographical narrative life‐story interview technique and psychoanalytic therapy. It points out that this type of interview may, in some cases, assist with the re‐construction of a new narrative identity of the interviewee. Where there is practically no intervention by the interviewer it can do this just by providing the interviewee with a situation where there is someone who does not want anything other than to listen to her life narrative. Through this process there can be a therapeutic effect which is more than a joyful by‐product, which the interviewees not only unconsciously experience, but for which they overtly express their gratitude.

The paper features the case of such a woman, who was sterilised in Auschwitz. It also tells the story of a man where the interviewer experienced incredibly strong resistance and projective identification throughout the interview. This resulted in almost insoluble guilt in the interviewer. The paper tries to interpret the story of the interviewee, who is also a Shoah survivor, and is unable to make some things in his life story explicit. The interpretation suggests that he might have killed some Arrow Cross officers in order to take their uniforms to help others. He has lived for the last 60 years with feelings of insoluble guilt. The question is raised whether in this case the interview had a similar therapeutic effect to the first case or not.     

求职面试中语言礼仪规范的运用

语言表达作为一种最基本的媒体形式,在求职面试过程中至关重要。求职面试就是通过对话和行为来全面展示自身的素质与能力等相关品质,以期博得考官的认可。培养和训练求职者的语言礼仪规则,养成良好的语言习惯,这不仅有助于提高自身素质,更会对今后求职面试有指导性意义,在求职应聘中受益匪浅。     

隐性采访的法律冲突与伦理制衡

在隐性采访过程中,最易引发公众的知情权、隐私权、名誉权、言论自由和媒体的舆论监督权、采访权之间的冲突,因此需要媒体的公信力制衡和道德的非强制性约束。     

生命主题分析在生涯咨询中的应用

主题分析在质性研究中是一种非常基本和常用的分析方法,生命主题分析在生涯咨询中有非常广泛的应用：咨询师通过细致的对话与探询,帮助来询者逐渐看到自己的生命主题,重新审视和解释自己的生命脉络,赋予生命故事新的意义,以便更好地梳理未来生命故事的走向。