日本现代家政学变迁与现状考察报告

家政学作为一门新兴科学起源于18世纪西方国家,是工业革命时代社会政治经济变革的产物。然而,现代家政学无论是其外延还是其内涵都发生了巨大变化。在当今日本高等教育机构中,其学科名称为:生活科学、生活环境学、人间环境科学、人间科学等或仍然沿用家政学这一名称。其研究对象已由当初单纯研究“家政”,发展为研究人与人、人与物质、人与生存环境相互作用的层面上。其研究目的在于:运用科学技术提高国民生活质量、构筑可持续发展的循环型社会,为人类福祉做出贡献。现代家政学以“国民的衣食住行生活”、“国民健康”、“国民生存环境”、“人类社会福祉”等为其研究领域的核心课题,融自然科学、社会科学、人文科学以及应用科学、管理科学、生活哲学、生活艺术等于一体,已形成博大精深的科学体系,成为一门跨学科的综合性应用型科学。并展示出崭新的学科内涵和生活哲学理念。在发达国家中,现代家政学被公认为社会健康发展不可或缺的生活科学。     

数字素养是乡村生活数字化转型的驱动力吗?——基于山东省1 037位农村居民的调研数据

从数字技术应用素养、数字内容社交素养、数字媒体创新素养和数字安全保护素养4个维度构建农村居民数字素养评价指标体系,探讨数字素养对农村居民数字生活参与的影响效应和作用机制。研究发现,农村居民数字素养总体偏低。数字素养显著正向影响农村居民数字消费、数字文娱、数字出行、数字教育、数字医疗和数字生活参与度。社会网络、社会学习和自我效能感在上述影响中发挥部分中介作用,并且对不同领域数字生活的影响有较显著差异。进一步研究发现,数字素养通过强弱社会关系网络对农村居民各领域数字生活影响存在差异,尤其是弱关系网络对参与复杂数字生活有显著影响。据此提出建立健全数字教育培育体系,提高农村居民自我效能感,统筹协调强、弱社会网络,提升社会学习能力等对策建议。     

Stability analysis using mixed models: A critique of tolerance interval methods and a probabilistic solution

Recently, tolerance interval approaches to the calculation of a shelf life of a drug product have been proposed in the literature. These address the belief that shelf life should be related to control of a certain proportion of batches being out of specification. We question the appropriateness of the tolerance interval approach. Our concerns relate to the computational challenges and practical interpretations of the method. We provide an alternative Bayesian approach, which directly controls the desired proportion of batches falling out of specification assuming a controlled manufacturing process. The approach has an intuitive interpretation and posterior distributions are straightforward to compute. If prior information on the fixed and random parameters is available, a Bayesian approach can provide additional benefits both to the company and the consumer. It also avoids many of the computational challenges with the tolerance interval methodology.     

青海藏区回族社会生活变迁调查--以黄南州隆务镇为例

本文在田野调查的基础上,从微观社会学的角度出发,以青海黄南藏族自治州隆务镇回族群体的社会生活变迁为主题,探析了隆务镇回族日常生活、宗教生活、婚姻家庭、族际交流等层面在社会变迁中的不同表现形式及影响因素.着重指出社会互动,强化了藏区回族生活文化的调适性与整合性;社会结构转型与变迁动力促成了藏回民族地域关系的复杂性与多样性;地域利益矛盾、文化差异及政策倾向等因素,在某种程度上限制了民族关系的发展,影响了区域的稳定.     

论"花儿"的基本主题与特色

本文认为"花儿"的基本主题与特色主要表现在三个方面作为比物与兴象的历史文化传统;作为歌咏青春少年的人生主题;作为高亢与哀婉的审美文化特征.     

紧急避险权益对等肯定论

我国刑法学界普遍主张紧急避险所保全的权益必须大于其所损及的权益,否则为保全生命而牺牲生命的恶性事件将有增无减。于是,在紧急避险限度条件问题上便形成了占主导地位的权益对等否定论。透视权益对等否定论的价值论和方法论,则我们将走向权益对等肯定论,即紧急避险可以是保全的权益与损害的权益两者相等。     

Signed likelihood ratio tests in the Birnbaum-Saunders regression model

The Birnbaum-Saunders regression model is becoming increasingly popular in lifetime analyses and reliability studies. In this model, the signed likelihood ratio statistic provides the basis for testing inference and construction of confidence limits for a single parameter of interest. We focus on the small sample case, where the standard normal distribution gives a poor approximation to the true distribution of the statistic. We derive three adjusted signed likelihood ratio statistics that lead to very accurate inference even for very small samples. Two empirical applications are presented.     

Reflexivity over and above convention: the new orthodoxy in the sociology of personal life, formerly sociology of the family

There is a new orthodoxy in the field that was once understood as the sociology of the family, and is increasingly understood as the sociology of 'personal life', 'intimacy', 'relationships' and 'families'. The orthodoxy highlights the open-endedness of intimate relations at the expense of the family as an institution; that is, reflexivity over and above convention. This article argues that the new orthodoxy not only overstates reflexivity at the expense of convention, but abdicates understanding to frameworks grounded in biologistic and economistic understandings of human behaviour. The article makes its point through attention to three areas of research at odds with the new orthodoxy: paternity uncertainty, inheritance and family business. It then proposes that conceptualization of the family as an institutional regime gives due weight to the reflexive reconfiguration of family relationships and practices on the one hand, and their institutional embeddedness on the other.     

Mobilizing on Campus: Conservative Movements and Today’s College Students1

Social movement scholars have known for some time that students, and particularly college students, play an important role in modern social movements. Yet the full extent of conservative mobilizing, both today and in the past, is frequently overlooked. This article highlights the critical role college campuses have played in the rise of conservative movements in the United States over the last 40 years. In doing so, it develops a concept of transition points to help explain the mechanisms responsible for the longstanding finding that college students form an important core of many social movements. Transition points are marked by both changes in routines and changes in social network configuration. The utility of the transition point concept is explored through ethnographic and interview data from the American pro‐life movement.     

Good Country Living? Exploring Four Housing Outcomes Among Poor Appalachians

In the wake of welfare reform, many poor people have exhausted their benefits and must now live with less government support. While all of these former welfare recipients are struggling, some are experiencing housing problems that are quite severe. This article uses survey data on former welfare recipients who have used up the maximum time limits for receiving welfare to better understand three core explanations for rural housing problems among the poor: community, individual, and family factors. We estimate models to weigh the relative effects of these factors on the likelihood of experiencing several housing outcomes, finding that rural location is the most consistent predictor of housing outcomes, predicting home ownership, and whether families reside in low‐quality housing. We also find that individual and family factors affect the type of housing one has. We conclude that housing policies must be tailored to improve specific housing outcomes.