Transformation using ( x + 0.5) to stabilize the variance of populations

Transformation is required to achieve homo-scedasticity when we perform ANOVA to test the effect of factors on population abundance. The effectiveness of transformations decreases when the data contain zeros. Especially, the logarithmic transformation or the Box–Cox transformation is not applicable in such a case. For the logarithmic transformation, 1 is traditionally added to avoid such problems. However, there is no concrete foundation as to why 1 is added rather than other constants, such as 0.5 or 2, although the result of ANOVA is much influenced by the added constant. In this paper, I suggest that 0.5 is preferable to 1 as an added constant, because a discrete distribution defined in {0, 1, 2, . . .} is approximately described by a corresponding continuous distribution defined in (0, ≧) if we add 0.5. Numerical investigation confirms this prediction. Received: October 16, 1998 / Accepted: June 10, 1999     

加入WTO我国会计的应对策略

加入世贸组织,意味着我国要遵照国际惯例开展贸易活动,会计作为企业间贸易交往、国际间通用的商业语言,将发挥更加重要的中介作用.为此,应尽快培育一批能够参与国际竞争的国际性会计公司,逐步建立一个市场主体多元化、地区分布合理化,以国内注册会计师事务所为主体的局部开放性的会计市场体系.以适应经济全球化的需要.     

Quantile dispersion graphs to compare the efficiencies of cluster randomized designs

The purpose of this article is to compare efficiencies of several cluster randomized designs using the method of quantile dispersion graphs (QDGs). A cluster randomized design is considered whenever subjects are randomized at a group level but analyzed at the individual level. A prior knowledge of the correlation existing between subjects within the same cluster is necessary to design these cluster randomized trials. Using the QDG approach, we are able to compare several cluster randomized designs without requiring any information on the intracluster correlation. For a given design, several quantiles of the power function, which are directly related to the effect size, are obtained for several effect sizes. The quantiles depend on the intracluster correlation present in the model. The dispersion of these quantiles over the space of the unknown intracluster correlation is determined, and then depicted by the QDGs. Two applications of the proposed methodology are presented.     

诙谐与诡异:东西、鬼子小说叙事策略的民间情怀——当代少数民族作家小说与民间审美文化研究之一

东西、鬼子的小说叙述鲜明地呈现出"嬉笑如花,肝肠似火"和"苦难悲悯,奇崛鬼异"的特征,通过解读他们的小说,可以发现,其实在他们这种现代和后现代的叙述特点背后,被遮蔽着的应该是隐含在其小说中的地域审美文化色彩,以及历经数千年发展形成和积淀下来的民间审美价值和意义系统.     

学术语篇的人际资源简析

文章分别从传统视角、礼貌原则以及评价理论角度分析了不同语言学理论对学术语篇中人际资源运用的不同解读。通过分析人际资源在学术语篇中的作用，不难看出不管学术作者是为了维护学术语言的客观性、准确性，维护作者的面子，亦或是承认话语的多声性、学术命题可能存在的质疑和挑战，其最终目的都是为了建立学术身份，获得学术认同。     

后殖民翻译研究的权力转向反思

权力转向论本身存在很多自相矛盾之处,也有很多的例外、漏洞和很强的负面效应。本文从权力决定论、杂合论的困境、二元对立、权力差异与文化平等之间的悖论等方面着重反思了后殖民翻译研究的权力转向。     

“后方法”时代大学英语教师发展策略

随着“后方法”教学法的提出，外语教学进入了“后方法”时代。“后方法”时代对大学英语教师提出了新的要求。结合“后方法”教学法的基本内容，从个人层面、群体层面、机制层面及宏观环境层面四方面提出了自主探索、协作发展、健全机制、创设自由开放的宏观环境等大学英语教师发展策略。     

A weighted symmetric cointegration test

Weighted symmetric estimation is employed to develop a new test for cointegration. Using Monte Carlo simulation, the resulting test is shown to possess greater power than alternative existing tests.     

徐树铮与第二次南北战争

第二次南北战争是段琪瑞政府推行武力统一政策的结果，徐树铮的政治观与该政策一致。在段祺瑞的支持下，徐树铮积极布置对南作战计划，他拉拢曹锟、张作霖、吴佩孚等实力派人物来支持武力统一政策，操控着第二次南北战争，使得第二次南北战争得以持续进行。但最终因徐树铮本人恃才傲物、坦白率直的性格等原因导致皖系内部发生分裂，以及在处理张敬尧督湘，支持曹锟、张作霖当副总统，联络昊佩孚等有关重大问题上操控失当，导致第二次南北战争以失败告终。     

准公共产品价格改革:城镇居民消费力的助推器

通过分析近十年城镇居民的消费性支出及收入情况发现,准公共产品支出渐渐成为居民生活的主要负担,加剧贫富差距的扩大,制约着城镇居民消费力的提升。