The social stratification of time use patterns

Time use is both a cause of social inequality and a consequence of social inequality. However, how social class stratifies time use patterns is seldom studied. In this paper, I describe the time use patterns in the years 1983 and 2015 by social class, and gender in the British context. Using sequence analysis methods, I show how the diversity of time use patterns in British society is socially stratified. I find that 13 clusters capture the heterogeneity of time use patterns and that these clusters are associated with social class, gender, and day of the week. These clusters capture patterns of paid and unpaid work schedules, as well as leisure patterns. The results show that men have experienced a reduction of the standard Monday to Friday 8-hr working day, while women have experienced a general increase in this type of schedule. On the other hand, patterns of domestic working days have reduced for women and increased for men. Important differences exist in paid and unpaid work patterns between social classes. Working-class women have experienced an important increase in shift work on weekends. They are also much more likely to be doing unpaid work on weekdays compared to upper-class and middle-class women. Working-class men are more likely to experience non-working days and leisure days on both weekdays and weekends and are more likely to be doing shift work. They are also more often doing unpaid work on weekdays compared to men in upper-class households. Patterns of childcare indicate that all families have increased their childcare time. Men in upper-class households in particular have experienced an important growth in childcare time between 1983 and 2015. I conclude by discussing how time use can further our understanding of social stratification.     

Fingerprint-based background checks for personal care workers: Stakeholder views of policy criteria

Decision makers face difficult choices when tasked with identifying and implementing appropriate mechanisms for protecting the elderly and other vulnerable adults from abuse. A pilot project involving fingerprint-based criminal history background checks for personal care workers in Michigan has supplied an opportunity to examine one such mechanism. In conjunction with the pilot project, we have conducted a stakeholder analysis with the aim of informing decision makers about stakeholder perceptions of standard policy criteria like effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. We employed focus groups and a Web-based survey to collect data from stakeholders. While stakeholders generally see fingerprint-based background checks for personal care workers as potentially effective and as a net benefit, they also point to a variety of contingencies. They also recognize difficulties and constraints for government involvement. This preliminary analysis provides solid foundational information for decision makers and for more extensive benefit–cost analysis.     

Being-in-motion: the everyday (gendered and classed) embodied mobilities for UK university students who commute

This article makes the case for a more robust mobilities approach to student geographies in the UK, in order to problematise the enduring binary of [im]mobility (‘going away’ vs. ‘staying local’) and to challenge the presumed linearity of educational (and mobility) transitions in higher education. Through a discussion of two UK-based studies, we make the case for considering the complex and multi-layered everyday mobilities of students who commute to illuminate a broader range of mobility practices that shape students’ experiences and identities, and which are embedded in multiple and intersecting embodiments of class, gender, age and ethnicity.     

浅析图书馆流通管理工作的有效性

笔者通过对流通工作的时间和工作人员的有效管理、提高读者服务质量减少工作差错、提高工作人员素质以提高读者服务质量、实行开架借阅以满足读者的需要等几个方面 ,对流通部的管理工作进行分析 ,以提高图书馆流通部读者服务工作。     

英语文章的篇章策略与篇章解读初探

教学篇章语言学中有关英语篇章模式及篇章策略连续体的知识,非常适合英语阅读教学。本文试图借用其相关知识,在学生头脑中建立起英文篇章模式和篇章连续体的概念,提高学生的阅读技能。     

Elite and upper class in philadelphia, 1975

This study examines the relationship between the Philadelphia elite and upper class in 1975. Much of this study is a historical replication of Baltzell's 1958 analysis of the Philadelphia elite and upper class in 1940. Data on the occupations, educational affiliations, club memberships, and religious affiliations of upper class and nonupper class members of the Philadelphia elite of 1975 generally are comparable to those presented by Baltzell for 1940. Yet the proportion of the elite that is upper class is smaller than in Baltzell's analysis, and holds a smaller proportion of all corporate directorships reported by the elite, including directorships in major Philadelphia banks. These latter data support the assertion that the Philadelphia upper class lost some of its influence in the decades after World War II.     

学潮视野下的《青春之歌》

<青春之歌>对胡适学潮观的批判和对学生运动的描写呈现了自己的特点.它与作为小说主脉的林道静阶级意识觉醒的线性叙述之间的某种差异,给我们提供了在学潮视野下重建一个充满对峙与对话空间的契机.这一学潮视野的参照,或许将有利于我们对<青春之歌>做出更为同情的了解.     

Goodness-of-fit measures of R 2 for repeated measures mixed effect models

Linear mixed effects model (LMEM) is efficient in modeling repeated measures longitudinal data. However, little research has been done in developing goodness-of-fit measures that can evaluate the models, particularly those that can be interpreted in an absolute sense without referencing a null model. This paper proposes three coefficient of determination (R ²) as goodness-of-fit measures for LMEM with repeated measures longitudinal data. Theorems are presented describing the properties of R ² and relationships between the R ² statistics. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate and compare the R ² along with other criteria from literature. Finally, we applied the proposed R ² to a real virologic response data of an HIV-patient cohort. We conclude that our proposed R ² statistics have more advantages than other goodness-of-fit measures in the literature, in terms of robustness to sample size, intuitive interpretation, well-defined range, and unnecessary to determine a null model.     

数学阅读教学策略探析

数学阅读是学习数学的重要方法,数学阅读教学是培养学生自学能力有效的途径。文章从数学的学科性质出发,分析了数学阅读的特点,阐述了数学阅读的教育功能,从阅读兴趣、科学阅读方法、数学课堂阅读等方面提出教学策略。     

The Environmental Justice Debate: A Commentary on Methodological Issues and Practical Concerns

Over the last decade, environmental sociology has produced a tremendous stream of research pertaining to environmental justice issues. In general, we now know that low income groups and communities of color are disproportionately exposed to toxic wastes. In this paper, I argue that future research requires a shift in methodological approach. Learning how groups come to be exposed to toxic wastes requires an understanding of the organizational processes that shape decisions regarding production practices and regulatory enforcement strategies. I conclude by making three claims: (1) Documenting that disempowered groups are exposed to toxic wastes more than other groups is important. Disentangling whether race or class matters more is more dubious. (2) If we want to make claims about process, we should study process and not outcomes. (3) Insofar as we have to study outcomes, we should be more aware of which outcomes we want to study and what types of inferences we are able to draw from outcomes.