农地闲置治理中的村民互助:地方经验与缺陷补正——以四川省G村为例

现有文献主要从国家政策和法律法规的层面对农地闲置的治理问题进行探讨,其研究成果局限于制度构建,忽视了实践经验的重要作用。实践中多数不适宜土地承包经营权市场化流转的地区采用村民互助的方式对闲置农地进行了有效治理,其中,以四川省G村最为典型。该村的村民互助经历了经济关系主导型、血缘关系主导型、地邻关系主导型3种类型的演变。目前,其采用的地邻关系主导型村民互助,包含着相邻居住型和农地相邻型两种实践类型,是一种为克服劳动力之不足而以地邻关系为纽带自发形成的临时性农业生产方式。G村的村民互助虽然在农地闲置治理中取得了一定成效,但仍存在部分村民参与意愿低、生产技术相对落后、互助可持续性不足等问题。应通过利用村两委和龙头企业提高村民的互助意愿;实施教育服务购买优化农民的生产技术和生产理念;借力乡贤调解纠纷提高村民互助的可持续性等途径予以解决。     

社区道德共同体的构成要素与实践向度

社区是社会有机体的微观缩影和基本单位。加强思想道德建设,提高社会文明程度,加快构建社区道德共同体是推动基层治理体系和治理能力现代化的关键环节。从现实空间布局审视,构建社区道德共同体需要以主体存在为支点要素,以现实交往为空间要素,以“共同善”为目标要素。嵌入社区的真实生活情境,多元价值观激荡之下居民的道德自我缺场、空间完整性剥离中居民的道德交往缺乏、风险社会语境中居民的道德审美流失成为构建社区道德共同体的困境之源。聚合构建社区道德共同体诸要素之“力”,需要在关注个体中引领道德主体的回归,在空间交往对话中激发道德情感,以社会主义核心价值观引领社区道德审美。     

邻里效应对农民贫困脆弱性的影响

基于2016年和2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据（CFPS），通过构建贫困脆弱性测量模型和Manski社会互动效应模型实证研究邻里效应对农民贫困脆弱性的影响。研究发现：整体上我国农村地区贫困脆弱性处于较低水平，2017年农村居民贫困脆弱性较2015年有所提高，同时呈现不同区域和个体具有显著差异、非贫困群体中存在高脆弱性群体的特征；贫困具有邻里效应，邻里效应对农村居民当期贫困状态和未来贫困状态均产生显著不利影响，个体关联效应与社区情景互动效应对贫困与贫困脆弱性发挥不同程度的影响；邻里效应对农村居民提高家庭人均纯收入发挥显著阻碍作用，对低收入群体发挥的阻碍边际效应明显高于高收入群体；邻里效应对农村居民贫困脆弱性影响存在明显区域差异，东北地区邻里效应对贫困脆弱性不具有显著影响，在西部地区邻里效应对贫困脆弱性加剧边际效应高于其他地区。     

Residential Segregation on the Island: The Role of Race and Class in Puerto Rican Neighborhoods

In this paper, we use racial data from Census 2000, available for the first time in 50 years, to examine the links among race, socioeconomic status, and residential location on the island of Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans overwhelmingly chose white as their race, and they chose only one race, not a combination of races that would seem more in keeping with the ideology of mestizaje. Overall, segregation by race is modest compared with residential segregation in the United States. In keeping with the Puerto Rican claim that class is more important than race, we find that segregation by race is generally lower than segregation between the lowest and highest income categories in all metro areas, but that the results for education and occupational status differ by metropolitan area. In San Juan-Bayamón, the most diverse metropolitan area on the island, we find that as percent black increases, neighborhood socioeconomic status decreases, though the changes are not that stark, except in Loiza, a community of black Puerto Ricans and in some Dominican neighborhoods, though there are relatively few of these neighborhoods.     

Functional Ability,Neighborhood Resources and Housing Satisfaction among Older Adults in the U.S.

The purpose of this study was to explore neighborhood resources that influence the housing satisfaction of older adults. The study included 10,146 participants from the 2009 panel of the American Housing Survey who were 65 years and older. Hierarchical regression modeling was performed to examine older adults’ perceptions of neighborhood resources and consequently the role these resources play in predicting housing satisfaction among community dwelling and residents of assisted living, controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, education, and housing maintenance. In addition, three levels of physical functioning among residents of assisted living were examined. Results showed that there were differences in housing satisfaction by residences and levels of physical functioning. Subjective evaluations of neighborhoods and the near surrounds were significant predictors of housing satisfaction. Results of the study suggest that policy makers and housing professionals need to continue to consider the role of supportive neighborhoods and social environments in promoting successful aging particularly for frail older adults.     

直觉不分明化拓扑空间的分离公理

以直觉不分明化邻域系为工具,给出了直觉不分明化拓扑空间的T--0,T1,T2分离性的定义,并研究了它们的一些基本性质.     

Strangers,Acquaintances, and Victims: Victimization and Concern About Crime Among Women

Women report greater concerns about the danger posed by strangers despite greater victimization by acquaintances. Using a survey of Seattle residents, this article investigates one understudied dimension of this seeming incongruity: the actual effect of victimization by a stranger or acquaintance on concerns about crime. The results suggest different patterns for different crimes: relationship to the offender does not matter for burglaries while acquaintance sexual assaults and stranger nonsexual assaults, respectively, hold the largest associations with concerns. Implications are discussed for research on fear of crime, acquaintance victimizations, and perceptions of neighborhoods.     

‘Test Driving’ a Financing Instrument for Climate Adaptation: Analyzing Institutional Dilemmas using Simulation Gaming

Urban physical public infrastructure is a frontline defense mechanism to manage and mitigate climate-related impacts. Market instruments are often cited as possible means to spread risk and reduce financial burdens on the public sector. The authors argue that existing research tends to focus on the technical issues of instruments and neglects considering institutional dynamics that may enable or constrain local market-based financing mechanisms. In this article, three core dilemmas (values uncertainty, planning horizon, and indirect benefits) are used to analyze the responses of practitioners to a possible financing instrument. The findings indicate that the practitioner’s responses to tax increment financing were largely shaped by the adaptation dilemmas and not the characteristics of the instrument per se. By mapping the dilemmas onto whether they would recommend it, participants imposed a financial barrier on climate adaptation investments. The authors conclude that a key imperative in the design of policy instruments is to pay attention to the congruency of informal institutions at the ‘street level’ in order to be in-step with the current sociopolitical conditions. The findings also point to four key attributes that a local market-based instrument would need to be aligned and responsive to the Dutch planning and development context.     

关于城市街道办事处设立人民代表工作联络处的思考

城市街道办事处的人民代表工作,是整个人大工作的重要组成部分,加强城市街道办事处人民代表工作联络处的法律建设,是强化国家地方权力机关监督作用的迫切需要,是坚持和完善人民代表大会制度,加强社会主义民主和法制建设的一项不容忽视的任务。     

The Span of Collective Efficacy: Extending Social Disorganization Theory to Partner Violence

This research applies the social disorganization perspective on the neighborhood‐level determinants of crime to partner violence. The analysis brings data from the 1990 Decennial Census together with data from the 1994–1995 Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey, the 1994–1995 Chicago homicide data, and data from the 1995–1997 Chicago Health and Social Life Survey. The findings of this study indicate that collective efficacy—neighborhood cohesion and informal social control capacity—is negatively associated with both intimate homicide rates and nonlethal partner violence. Collective efficacy exerts a more powerful regulatory effect on nonlethal violence in neighborhoods where tolerance of intimate violence is low. Collective efficacy also increases the likelihood that women will disclose conflict in their relationships to various potential sources of support.