The Quality of Stakeholder-Based Decisions

The increased use of stakeholder processes in environmental decision making has raised concerns about the quality of decisions these processes produce. Some claim that stakeholders make inadequate use of scientific information and analysis and are all too ready to sacrifice technical quality for political expediency. This article looks to the case study record to examine the quality of the decisions from stakeholder-based processes. The data for the analysis come from a "case survey," in which researchers coded information from 239 published case studies of stakeholder involvement in environmental decision making. These cases reflect a diversity of planning, management, and implementation activities carried out by environmental and natural resource agencies at many levels of government. Overall, the case-study record suggests that there should be little concern that stakeholder processes are resulting in low-quality decisions. The majority of cases contain evidence of stakeholders improving decisions over the status quo; adding new information, ideas, and analysis; and having adequate access to technical and scientific resources. Indeed, data suggest that it is the more intensive stakeholder processes--precisely those that have aroused recent concern--that are more likely to result in higher-quality decisions.     

黄庭坚在太和任上的诗歌创作

该文以黄庭坚在宋神宗元丰三年到元丰六年(1080-1083)知江西吉州太和县事所写的诗歌,探求黄庭坚在 初为地方官时的爱民情怀,及其在任上创作的诗歌的现实主义风格和他作诗“以故为新”,“点铁成金”的艺术特点。     

从“新闻纸”走向“文化纸” —— 试论互联网时代高校校报的转型

高校校报长期被作为学校最主要的新闻宣传媒介.随着互联网的兴起和校园网的普遍应用,受众的信息需求发生变化,而校报存在着自身难以克服的 局限性,不能适应这种变化,因而其作为新闻媒介的信息传播优势地位将被网络取代.校报 的出路在于实现从"新闻纸"向"文化纸"的转型,向传播先进大学文化的地位复归.     

我国高师院校分流的前瞻性思考

我国封闭型高师教育的学术水平不高、师资培养质量低;根据世界高师教育的发展趋势和改革的特点,我国高师教育体制要面对挑战．走出困境,就必须由封闭走向开放,高师院校分流势在必行;分流应该是分区规划,分类指导,分阶段、分地区进行。     

认真落实“三个代表”的要求，努力加强学校领导班子和干部队伍建设

江泽民同志提出的“三个代表”的科学论断 ,是我们党的立党之本 ,执政之基 ,力量之源。在高校认真落实“三个代表”的要求 ,就要始终不渝地加强党的领导 ,治理好领导班子 ,充分发挥一把手的表率作用 ,深入推进党风廉政建设 ,树立正确的用人观念     

对方案有偏好的不确定语言多属性决策方法

研究了属性权重完全未知、属性值和对方案的偏好值以不确定语言变量形式给出的不确定语言多属性决策问题。首先,引入不确定语言变量的运算法则,以及不确定语言变量之间比较的可能度公式,给出了不确定语言变量间的距离的概念。针对属性权重完全未知的情形,给出了求解权重的公式。然后,利用不确定语言加权平均算子,对不确定语言决策信息进行加权集成,并利用可能度公式构造可能度矩阵(互补判断矩阵),继而利用互补判断矩阵排序公式对决策方案进行排序和择优。最后进行了实例分析。     

注册入学下的“高等数学”试卷分析与教学思考

对注册入学下高等数学课程的考试成绩进行统计分析,评价试题的编写水平与质量、分析学生对该门课程知识的掌握情况,进而考察教师的教学效果,为今后改进教学内容、教学方法,提高高等数学教学质量提供有力依据。     

Has Family Policy Come of Age? A Decade Review of the State of U.S. Family Policy in the 1990s

Family policy has come of age in the 1990s, yet it has not achieved a status commensurate with that of economic or environmental policy. Because family policy has been difficult to define, this review proposes an explicit definition of the term family policy and a companion implicit term, a family perspective in policy making It updates the rationale for family policy, arguing that family commitment at its core is particularly consequential in an individualistic market economy with a small social safety net. It chronicles recent developments including philanthropic commitments, state and federal policy initiatives, and the use of research to inform family policy making. Selected family policy issues including family and work conflict, long-term care, family poverty, and marriage, are overviewed. The paper concludes with developments during the decade in theory, methods, and dissemination that hold the potential for capitalizing on the current popularity of families as a theme in policy making.     

应用白纸测图技术测绘大比例尺草地群落分布图的探讨

在牧区生产方面 ,大比例尺草地植被分布图是非常重要的基础资料 ,对于划区轮牧、草场轮刈以及草地权属落实等都是最基础的档案 ,然而大比例尺植被图 ( 1:50 0 0 )的测绘却很少有人探讨 ,本文从生产发展需要出发 ,试用测绘学方法白纸测图技术 ,进行 1:50 0 0植物群落分布图的测绘研究 ,此方法可以概括为草群分类、样地选择、界线勾绘、建立控制网、样地扩展、分板实测、联绘成图等步骤     

The Clinician's Voice and the Limits of Bioethics

The bioethics movement has long promulgated a model of ‘principled decision‐making’ in which ethical dilemmas and conflicts between various rights, interests, and ethical principles are central. In many respects this movement has had a laudatory impact on health care and on health professionals, but we will also argue that the bioethical model of ethical analysis has important limitations. The model's theoretical orientation is discontinuous with the training and skills of health professionals, the manner in which health professionals conceptualise and solve problems that arise in a clinical setting, and the time constraints inherent in most clinical situations. As such, the model is not readily applicable to much of the day‐to‐day work of clinicians and, in particular, to the routine ethical questions and situations that arise in caring for patients. What we suggest is that the bioethical model does not take into account that health care professionals, as part of their daily work, encounter and manage difficult, often conflictual situations and that they do so by bringing to bear conceptual frameworks and therapeutic techniques that have, embedded within them, the ethical values and goals of their own fields, as well as established ways of dealing with problems and addressing competing priorities. We further argue that from a systems perspective, the bioethical model and the pragmatic, problem‐focused ethical decision‐making of clinicians operate on different levels of complexity; whereas the former is especially appropriate for situations that resist consensus or that raise significant issues of public policy, the latter serves as an effective framework in less difficult or complex situations that can be moved effectively toward consensus and closure.