教师效能感研究述评

教师效能感的主要理论模型建构主要有罗特的控制点理论和班杜拉的自我效能理论。教师效能感通过教师行为而对学生自我效能及学习能力与成绩起作用,与此同时,环境因素和教师自身因素也对教师的教学效能感产生影响。     

公务员激励机制对行政效能的影响及其完善

公务员的激励机制是影响行政效能的重要环节。当前我国正处于由旧的人事管理体制向新的国家公务员制度过渡的历史时期 ,因此 ,一方面必须把新的公务员制度落实下去 ;另一方面 ,必须以提高行政效能为目标 ,在考核、工资、晋升、奖惩等制度的具体环节与运行上不断加以完善。     

Improving the contributions of technology assessment to the health care system of the U.S.A.

Summary Based on 14 case studies of highly effective therapies and the reasons they succeeded less frequently than they could, we propose a variety of steps to improve the health care system of the U.S.A. Whatever proposal emerges from current national debates until innovations are shown to be safe and effective, they should not be supported; when slightly better technologies are much more expensive than other good ones we need to consider appropriate choices carefully; simplified billing and bookkeping would reduce our costs; when a technology is rapidly introduced cautionnary measures may be needed; tracking immunization and repairing their omissions requires a new system; educational programs such as seen effective in hypertension should be applied in other areas such as vaccination; in organ transplantation the nation should consider “presumed consent”; our payment system sometimes creates perverse incentives and therefore needs review; and the preferences of the public in allocation of health resources need to be discovered once the public is informed about the issues. Research supported by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.     

Marital Conflict,Ineffective Parenting,and Children's and Adolescents' Maladjustment

Data from the 1988 National Survey on Families and Households were analyzed to examine the associations among marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children's and adolescents' maladjustment. Parents' use of harsh discipline and low parental involvement helped explain the connection between marital conflict and children's maladjustment in children aged 2 through 11. Parent‐child conflict was measured only in families with a target teenager and also was a significant mediator. Although ineffective parenting explained part of the association between marital conflict and children's maladjustment, independent effects of marital conflict remained in families with target children aged 2 through 11 (but not for families with a teenager). With a few exceptions, this pattern of findings was consistent for mothers' and fathers' reports, for daughters and sons, for families with various ethnic backgrounds, and for families living in and out of poverty.     

Neighborhood Structure,Social Organization,and Number of Short‐Term Sexual Partnerships

We examine the relationship between neighborhood structural characteristics, social organization, and the sexual partnering practices of adults. Analyses of 1990 census and 1995–1997 survey‐based data on Chicago neighborhoods and adult sexual activity reveal for men a number of neighborhood influences on sexual partnering practices. First, residential stability is negatively associated with having a short‐term sexual partner in the last year. Second, neighborhood social ties are positively associated with short‐term sexual partnering in neighborhoods with low levels of collective efficacy—the combination of cohesion and shared expectations for beneficial action among neighbors—but this effect is substantially reduced as collective efficacy increases. Moreover, neighborhood collective efficacy and social ties mediate the effect of residential stability on sexual partnering practices. Neighborhood characteristics were not associated with short‐term sexual partnering for women.     

幼儿父母的教养行为与对子女控制感的关系

研究表明:幼儿家长在教养活动中同时运用支持、惩戒和溺爱三种教养行为,但三种行为在其全部教养行为中所占比例不同,支持行为最多,惩戒和溺爱行为较少;家长的支持教养行为与其对子女的控制感呈正相关,而惩戒和溺爱行为则与控制感呈负相关.     

The Ecology of Family Guidance in Low-Income Mexican-American and European-American Families*

This two-part study applied an ecocultural perspective to socialization of daily and long-term goals in low-income Mexican-American and European-American families with children in third, fifth, and seventh grades. The first part of the study examined family members' participation and parents' socialization goals and guidance strategies for their children's daily household chores and homework activities. The second part of the study examined parents' long-term aspirations and guidance strategies for their children's educational, vocational, and moral development. For daily activities, results showed that in Mexican-American families both parents and siblings played important roles, whereas in European-American families parents were the primary socialization agents. As predicted, in both groups parents' expertise influenced their guidance strategies. Finally, Mexican-American and European-American parents differed in their relative endorsement of gender, relational, and self-reliance goals for household chores. For long-term goals, parents in both groups held high educational, vocational, and moral aspirations for their children. However, some parents of seventh-graders had lower educational and vocational aspirations than those of fifth- and third-graders. Although expertise consistently influenced Mexican-American parents' guidance strategies, the pattern for European-American parents was mixed. The discussion highlights between- and within-group differences in daily and long-term socialization practices with an emphasis on resources and vulnerabilities in the families.     

西部农村居民政治参与及社会治理分析——基于陕西省岐山县G村的社会调查

以陕西省岐山县G村社会调研数据为基础,对西部农村居民的政治关注度、参与度、满意度进行描述性统计分析,认为西部农村居民的政治参与水平不高。通过建立Probit模型,分析影响农村居民政治参与水平的人口学变量以及政治效能感因素,研究发现：人口学的关键变量、内在与外在的政治效能感均对政治参与有显著影响,为此提出通过有效的社会治理举措,以改善人口学变量中关键因素,提升农民的政治效能感,从而有效提高农村居民政治参与水平。     

教师教学效能的价值论审思

教师教学效能并非纯粹心理学意义上的效能感,而是主体感受与具体情景的交融。对教学效能的价值论审思应超越单一的心理学认知或信念范畴,回归教育学本体的价值诉求,提升教师主体存在的内生动力、学生主体发展的外发动力和"人学"为体的永恒动力,进而通过重构教师自我认知体系、主动建构教师专业发展体系、不断完善教学场域文化体系等价值手段促进其价值实现。     

父母教养对学前幼儿自我控制能力发展的影响及教养策略探讨

自我控制能力对个人的健康、学业、婚姻等毕生发展的多个方面均有重要影响。学前阶段是个体自我控制能力发展的关键期,家庭环境中父母的教养对幼儿自控能力发展的影响至关重要。综合以往相关实证研究,父母主要通过情感互动、行为控制和自主支持这三个方面的教养方式影响幼儿的自我控制能力发展,其中情感支持与回应,设置明确的行为界限,以及提供自主支持等具体教养方式有助于幼儿自我控制能力的发展。在此基础上,本文进一步探讨了培养幼儿自我控制能力的父母教养策略。