基于ISM模型的农村宽带使用影响因素研究

促进农村宽带使用是推进农业信息化的重要内容,是实现农业现代化的重要手段.电信运营商是农村宽带服务的供给者,从运营商角度探讨农村宽带使用影响因素,构建影响宽带使用的解释结构模型,对各影响因素进行层次分析.研究表明：宽带资费、宽带接入终端的价格和运营商提供服务的质量是影响宽带使用的直接因素,网络速度、技术培训和政府支持等是中间因素,宽带技术先进性是根本因素.因此,为推动农村宽带的使用,电信运营商应该主动降低宽带资费、降低终端价格、提高宽带服务质量和加强技术创新.     

社会保险制度中社会风险的产生、内涵及应对*

社会风险是社会保险制度存在的前提,没有社会风险,就不会有社会保险。从风险、风险社会及社会风险这些相关概念出发,全面阐述社会保险制度中社会风险的产生及其发展路径,发现社会保险制度上所应对的社会风险是一种中度危险的风险事故,有着自身特定的制度内涵。在此基础上,从作为技术途径的保险原则与社会保险权之权利规则的两个视角分析了社会保险制度对社会风险的应对原理、机制与优势。     

社会保险成本过高是否抑制企业投资?

社会保险成本过高是否抑制企业投资，从而阻碍实体经济发展?对此，文章利用工业企业微观数据实证检验了企业社保成本变动对投资率的影响.为缓解内生性问题，文章选择城市老年人比重作为工具变量.实证检验显示企业社保支出比重增加1个单位标准差，企业投资率约下降3.3%，能够解释企业投资率变动的6.4%，具有较强经济显著性.文章还探究了社保成本变动影响企业投资的内在机制，发现劳动成本渠道、生产率渠道以及融资约束渠道都得到相关经验证据的支持.研究结果说明降低企业社保成本的政策如果能够得到有效落实，将会刺激企业扩大投资，促进地区经济发展.     

Activation,medicalisation and inter-organisational cooperation in health insurance – implications for frontline social work in Sweden

This paper focuses on tensions between activation principles and medicalisation in the Swedish sickness insurance and its implications for frontline caseworkers in Social Security Agencies and Public Employment Services. The right to sickness cash benefits has become stricter and more conditioned upon the person’s work ability and employability. The paper describes recent policy changes towards activation and stricter entitlement criteria for sickness benefits policy and explores the consequences of such new activation policies in terms of changed work modes for caseworkers dealing with long-term sick people’s return-to-work process. It is concluded that on the one hand frontline work contains a significant portion of discretion and professional assessment of work abilities, and on the other hand rule-bound administrative work. Furthermore, frontline workers need to apply organisational professionalism as inter-organisational cooperation is required in order to support long-term sick people to return-to-work. Medicalisation of ill-health, manifested in the right to sickness benefits has not been substantially circumscribed by new activation policies in the sickness insurance.     

“The only equality is the pain”: An exploration of the Irish policy sphere's approach to “access” and “entitlement” in health care

This paper critically analyses how overarching policy goals and practices surrounding access and entitlement to health care (HC) have been dominated by a conflicting system of libertarian and equity-based principles. We examine how this mixed-motives system originated and the importance of policy legacies inherited from the Poor Laws era in shaping modern conceptions of access and entitlement to HC. We also considered how these determined the scope of state intervention in this policy domain. Drawing on empirical evidence and interviews with key stakeholders in Irish health policy, we explored the appetite to engage in meaningful HC reforms that address the growing gaps of inequity between higher and lower socio-economic groups in society. Rather than emulating European counterpartsapos; emphasis on universal coverage within an egalitarian paradigm, Irish policy actors have sought to instill a spirit of fairness in HC delivery. Under the guise of equality of opportunity and equity, the policy focus has centred on directing publicly funded HC towards lower-income groups and the most vulnerable in Irish society. However, we argue that the operation of the mixed-motives structure has also created conflict and policy ambiguity surrounding overarching goals which frame the governance and consumption of HC in Ireland. This is evidenced by the dysfunction and complexity of the two-tier system of public-versus-private access to HC services. Ultimately, we argue that the policy aspirations of equality that underpin the HC structures surrounding access and entitlement should be revisited to achieve greater health outcomes and create a more equal society.     

Send for the cavalry: Political incentives in the provision of agricultural advisory services

This article examines how political incentives shape the implementation of agricultural advisory service reforms. Using the Uganda experience as a typical case we find that elections incentivized the Government to add a subsidized input component to the existing service. Growing pressures from local politicians, the Ministry of Agriculture and increasingly disgruntled army factions then constituted a strong and interlocking set of further incentives to revert to a recentralized, top‐down model dominated by the new, subsidized input component. Our findings point to how well designed implementation processes can be disrupted by the changing incentive structure, an insight which calls for more patient and much more pragmatic approaches to adopting “trial and error” models rather than more ambitious, but perhaps unrealistic, options.     

Expanding social health protection in Cambodia: An assessment of the current coverage potential and gaps,and social equity considerations

The Royal Government of Cambodia recently launched its National Social Protection Policy framework to strengthen and expand social security and assistance. To inform social health protection policy, we examine socio-economic survey data and administrative coverage data to assess the coverage potential of existing coverage mechanisms and current gaps; and compare equitable contribution rates. Over 53 per cent of the population currently has no social health protection coverage mechanism, and about 16 per cent of the population who do have access to a mechanism are not yet enrolled. Current expansion efforts focus on the formal employee scheme, primarily benefiting individuals from higher income households. In addition, recent coverage expansion to some informal workers leaves significant gaps, particularly among the informal sector. We find out-of-pocket health care expenditure to be an excessive share of income among lower wealth quintile individuals and conclude they are financially vulnerable. Finally, we illustrate that an equitable approach to individual, monthly health care contributions among the lower three quintiles has a severely limited potential for revenue generation, and collection costs could exceed the amount collected. Therefore, we recommend that vulnerable groups should be exempted from contribution payments as social health protection is expanded.     

农产品流通体系影响农产品价格波动的机理与路径

本文采用规范化实地研究方法，运用质性分析软件对某地农产品批发市场92户嵌入式个案的访谈数据进行分析，较为清晰地阐释了农产品流通体系对农产品价格影响的内在机理及路径。来自实地调查事实证据分析表明，农产品流通体系与农产品价格波动之间具有显著的相关性；且农产品流通体系构成要素通过供求关系、经营成本、心理预期等三个控制因素可以综合影响农产品价格波动及幅度；优化农产品流通体系确实能起到抑制农产品价格过度波动的作用。这说明，短期的农产品生产调控或价格补贴措施对抑制农产品价格过度波动作用有限，建立长效的农产品流通体系内在稳定性以消解体制机制性障碍，比过度偏重生产性调节更重要。     

农村居民养老保险财政补贴的福利效应研究

财政补贴是农村居民养老保险制度的核心,是农村居民养老保险制度推行和发展的关键。本研究从保障农民基本生活、调节收入分配、促进农村消费和激励农民参保缴费等4个维度对农村居民养老保险财政补贴的福利效应进行分析,发现当前补贴政策存在保障水平不高,地区分配不均,可持续性不强,激励约束不到位等问题。认为通过加大财政补贴支持力度,明确养老待遇调整机制,改善基金运营监管,调整参保缴费激励方案等多重措施,可以更好地发挥农村养老保险制度的福利效应,实现制度从规模扩张向高质量发展的转变。     

农业跑步机理论:研究述评与中国实践

农业跑步机理论指出,由于“农业跑步机冶的存在,农业生产越来越集中在少数大农场主手中,农场更加商业化和资本化,农业结构也发生了根本变化,农村剩余人口大量流失,农民阶层逐渐分化。 20 世纪后半叶美国农业的发展经历了从农产品价格的“农业跑步机”到“土地跑步机”的转变。 后继者既有对理论的经验验证,认为政策、种子、化肥等同样存在“跑步机冶陷阱;也有理论批判,提出农业跑步机理论难以解释小家庭农业和兼业农民的生产状况。 文章在对农业跑步机理论进行综述的基础上,利用该理论对河北定州市大西丈村的经验材料进行了分析和解释。