MMCp颗粒涂层的细观力学优化设计

两相模型曾被用来分析SiCp颗粒增强的Al基复合材料在制备（冷却）过程中的热残余应力，但该模型无法计入颗粒之间的相互作用影响．本文在其过去提出的三相模型，并利用等效介质的物理特性，给出了计入颗粒浓度影响的MMCp界而残余应力的解析解的基础上，引入界口涂层以消除热残余应力，并对颗粒涂层的厚度与选材，利用细观力学原理进行优化设计，从而大大削弱直至完全可以消除界面处热残余应力的影响。     

超声全息成象系统及其参数最佳调整

本文讨论了一个超声全息成象系统及其主要参数对图象质量的影响。运用成象理论及其算法建立了最佳参数调整的关系式及基调整方法。本文运用这些关系式和方法,对多种不同类型的目标,如金属、塑料,植物与动物等,进行了超声成象处理,获得了十分良好的结果。     

双渗渗流数学模型的精确解

针对双渗油藏的渗流特征,在两渗流层之间存在流体的交换;以往的双渗油藏并没有考虑流体之间的渗流,仅仅将两层之间的流体交换作为源和汇;在此考虑了两层之间渗流耦合的微分方程及压差对两层的影响,对方程采用无因次化,而将方程简化。通过正交变换获得该模型的精确解,该解对理解双渗油藏的渗流规律和试井分析都具有重要的指导意义。     

碱水驱组分输运过程有效性研究

建立了碱水驱组分孔隙输运数学模型,将模型中所需的物化参数描述为驱油剂浓度相关的函数,用“有效驱替带”量化和分析了吸附、驱油剂段塞尺寸、驱替速度、扩散弥散等因素对碱组分输运过程有效性的影响机理。在此基础上,进一步分析了大庆油田ASP复合驱用碱剂NaOH在孔隙输运过程中的有效性和持久性,并对模拟软件进行了实验验证,它们具有很好的一致性。经过实验验证的模拟软件,不仅可代替部分实验室流动实验和辅助机理分析,而且可以为碱水驱和ASP复合驱工程工艺方案设计和动态监测提供指导。     

低渗透砂岩石油渗流的微观模拟实验研究

采用天然低渗透砂岩微观模型，通过与实际地质状况较为相似条件下的油驱水实验，模拟石油在低渗透砂岩孔隙内的渗流，分析和探讨了低渗透砂岩孔隙介质中石油的微观渗流机理。研究结果表明，石油在低渗透砂岩中渗流路径曲折复杂，运移渗流模式有稳定式、指进式和优势式3种；石油在低渗透砂岩中渗流存在启动压力梯度，启动压力梯度与砂岩孔隙度关系复杂，而与砂岩渗透率有很好的相关性；石油的渗流速度与驱替压力呈很好的相关性，石油以相同速度在不同渗透率级别的砂岩内渗流时所需要的驱替压力随砂岩渗透率的增大而降低。     

Evaluation of the Influenza Risk Reduction from Antimicrobial Spray Application on Porous Surfaces

Antimicrobial spray products are used by millions of people around the world for cleaning and disinfection of commonly touched surfaces. Influenza A is a pathogen of major concern, leading to up to 49,000 deaths and 114,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States alone. One of the recognized routes of transmission for influenza A is by transfer of viruses from surfaces to hands and subsequently to mucous membranes. Therefore, routine cleaning and disinfection of surfaces is an important part of the environmental management of influenza A. While the emphasis is generally on spraying hard surfaces and laundering cloth and linens with high temperature machine drying, not all surfaces can be treated in this manner. The quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach was used to develop a stochastic risk model for estimating the risk of infection from indirect contact with porous fomite with and without surface treatment with an antimicrobial spray. The data collected from laboratory analysis combined with the risk model show that influenza A infection risk can be lowered by four logs after using an antimicrobial spray on a porous surface. Median risk associated with a single touch to a contaminated fabric was estimated to be 1.25 × 10⁻⁴ for the untreated surface, and 3.6 × 10⁻⁸ for the treated surface as a base case assumption. This single touch scenario was used to develop a generalizable model for estimating risks and comparing scenarios with and without treatment to more realistic multiple touch scenarios over time periods and with contact rates previously reported in the literature. The results of this study and understanding of product efficacy on risk reduction inform and broaden the range of risk management strategies for influenza A by demonstrating effective risk reduction associated with treating nonporous fomites that cannot be laundered at high temperatures.     

环境监管体制的审视:从重金属污染的角度

严峻的环境形势下,重金属污染仿佛压垮环境监管的"最后一根稻草".基于对A县的微观分析,可以发现职责虚化与协调障碍是环境健康监管体制的首要问题,单一薄弱的监管手段是环境健康监管体制的重要问题.为此,提出"整合性监管"的研究范式,强调:环境监管工具的协同与整合,环境监管各阶段的协同与整合,各环境监管机构的协同与整合,监管式执法与公众参与执法的协同与整合,宏观治理措施与微观治理措施的协同与整合.     

Comparative Study of Predictive Computational Models for Nanoparticle‐Induced Cytotoxicity

With the increasing use of nanomaterials incorporated into consumer products, there is a need for developing approaches to establish “quantitative structure‐activity relationships” (QSARs). These relationships could be used to predict various biological responses after exposure to nanomaterials for the purposes of risk analysis. This risk analysis is applicable to manufacturers of nanomaterials in an effort to determine potential hazards. Because metal oxide materials are some of the most widely applicable and studied nanoparticle types for incorporation into cosmetics, food packaging, and paints and coatings, we focused on comparing different approaches for establishing QSARs for this class of materials. Metal oxide nanoparticles are believed, by some, to cause alterations in cellular function due to their size and/or surface area. Others have said that these nanomaterials, because of the oxidized state of the metal, do not induce stress in biological tests systems. This controversy highlights the need to systematically develop structure‐activity relationships (i.e., the relationship between physicochemical features to the cellular responses) and tools for predicting potential biological effects after a metal oxide nanomaterial exposure. Here, we attempt to identify a set of properties of two specific metal oxide nanomaterials—TiO₂ and ZnO—that could be used to characterize and predict the induced cellular membrane damage of immortalized human lung epithelial cells. We adopt a mathematical modeling approach that uses the engineered nanomaterial size characterized as a dry nanopowder and the nanomaterial behavior in ultrapure water, phosphate buffer, and cell culture media to predict nanomaterial‐induced cellular membrane damage (via lactate dehydrogenase release). Results of these studies provide insights on how engineered nanomaterial features influence cellular responses and thereby outline possible approaches for developing and applying predictive computational models for biological responses caused by exposure to nanomaterials.     

Assessment of Ecological Risks at Former Landfill Site Using TRIAD Procedure and Multicriteria Analysis

Old industrial landfills are important sources of environmental contamination in Europe, including Finland. In this study, we demonstrated the combination of TRIAD procedure, multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), and statistical Monte Carlo analysis for assessing the risks to terrestrial biota in a former landfill site contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) and metals. First, we generated hazard quotients by dividing the concentrations of metals and PHCs in soil by the corresponding risk‐based ecological benchmarks. Then we conducted ecotoxicity tests using five plant species, earthworms, and potworms, and determined the abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates from additional samples. We aggregated the results in accordance to the methods used in the TRIAD procedure, conducted rating of the assessment methods based on their performance in terms of specific criteria, and weighted the criteria using two alternative weighting techniques to produce performance scores for each method. We faced problems in using the TRIAD procedure, for example, the results from the animal counts had to be excluded from the calculation of integrated risk estimates (IREs) because our reference soil sample showed the lowest biodiversity and abundance of soil animals. In addition, hormesis hampered the use of the results from the ecotoxicity tests. The final probabilistic IREs imply significant risks at all sampling locations. Although linking MCDA with TRIAD provided a useful means to study and consider the performance of the alternative methods in predicting ecological risks, some uncertainties involved still remained outside the quantitative analysis.     

基于ANSYS的板料成型系统模内加热模块热分析

针对目前板料热成形过程中存在的能量浪费、板料氧化严重等缺点,文章对模内加热方案进行研究探讨,使用ANSYS-Icepack对板料冲压成形的模内加热温度场进行模拟分析,并以此基础做出实物并调试对比模拟状况。结果显示：对于该模架,上下模1 000 W的热源同时加热时,加热组块最高温度可达近400℃,中间板材可加热到300 qC以上,10min之后散热和加热接近平衡。按该模型设计的实际加热系统的温度分布与模拟基本接近。该研究对模内加热模块的设计进行了模拟与初步的试验,将有助于板料热成形技术方面发展。