马克思关于无产阶级贫困的制度批判与当代启示

马克思通过深入工人实际并进行理论研究后指出,资本主义制度是资本主义社会无产阶级贫困的制度根源,其主要包括对无产阶级在经济上的剥削、政治上的压迫以及思想上的统治,资本主义社会给无产阶级造成的是结构性和整体性的贫困。同时,马克思还从动态的角度分析了无产阶级贫困的积累和加剧,指出在资本主义社会资本的积累就是贫困的积累,无产阶级要彻底摆脱贫困就必须采取革命的手段推翻资本主义制度,实行无产阶级专政,建立以公有制为基础的社会主义和共产主义社会。     

Management of the international development aid system: The Case of Tanzania

This article tries to clarify Government behaviours as to how to manage aid in Tanzania. Contrary to the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donor intentions, the development aid structure, carefully constructed under the poverty reduction regime in Tanzania, has led to Tanzanian‐owned initiatives toward a national development plan (NDP). Furthermore, this article shows that, in the process of creating an international development aid system, the Tanzanian Government has learned to manage aid in a recipient‐driven manner not only from DAC donors, but also from China.     

特殊类型贫困地区特色反贫机制探讨——以三江并流区为例

三江并流区是我国多种类型贫困的重叠区,该区域是我国限制开发区,同时也是我国重要的生态平衡区。由于区域的特殊性,三江并流区的贫困人口众多、贫困率高、致贫因素复杂等因素贫困程度比较高。针对其致贫因素的多样性和特殊性,通过采取培育制度安排、发展特色文化产业、培育乡村能人、发展乡镇经济等内生增长方式对该区域构建特色反贫困机制。     

Adult and child deprivation in Hong Kong

There is growing interest in the application of Townsend's deprivation approach to provide estimates of poverty that more directly reflect the living standards of those on low income. The consensual approach is applied here using data from the second wave (conducted in 2015–2016) of the Trends and Implications of Social Disadvantages in Hong Kong survey. The article draws on a related study that identifies separate lists of items deemed “necessary for all” by a majority of adults (aged 18 years or older) and children (aged 10–17 years). Those unable to obtain at least three of these items are identified as deprived, and the profile of household deprivation is examined in terms of the family types most affected, age groups, and numbers of children. Further analysis focuses on the disparity between children identified as living in households identified as deprived according to information provided by adults and children whose deprivation status reflects their own views. Finally, the overlaps between deprivation and four measures of poverty—two objective and income based and two subjective and perception based—are examined and discussed. The results indicate that deprivation and poverty are different but that, however it is measured, more needs to be done to address poverty in Hong Kong, including further improvements in the coverage and adequacy of health service provision and social security benefits.     

Ethnicizing poverty through social security provision in rural Hungary

Rural poverty has become an increasingly ethnicised category for the majority society in contemporary Hungary. The article aims to explore the process and practice of social exclusion and ethnicisation in relation to mutual effects of post-socialist welfare restructuring and changing discourse on poverty in the post-socialist rural reality. The empirical data were gathered during ethnographic fieldwork carried out in a village in 2009 and 2010. Employing a relational, processual concept of ethnicity, this paper focuses on the ways in which the Magyar majority applies the approach of ‘groupism’ to imagine and discuss Roma as an ethnically bounded, distinctive group with a considerable set of distinguishable ethnic traits and degree of homogeneity. To point out how the discursive context influences social care and in what way the local implementation of social provision is able to formulate this context the paper deconstructs the local notion of ‘Roma ethnic group’ along with understandings of deservingness and social entitlement. It goes on to show the dual role that local state actors play in this process. The article concludes that both ideologies and practices of social care legitimise the identification of Roma as an ethnic category negatively equating this group with notions of deservingness and thus institutionalising ethnicised poverty.     

Pushing the boundaries of our understanding of disability and violence: voices from the Global South (Guyana)

Our knowledge about disabled people’s lives is largely based on research in the Global North. This article considers disability and violence in the Global South, specifically in Guyana. It aims to push conceptual and empirical boundaries of our understanding of violence and disability. Conceptually, it argues for a social model materialist theory of disability attuned to how material barriers to disabled people’s inclusion in society and space are reproduced through processes of exclusion unfolding across geographic scales ranging from the global, to the inter-personal and intra-personal. It argues that Lacanian psycho-analytic theory provides a complimentary lens for understanding why people engage in acts that construct disabled people as ‘deserving’ of violence. Empirically, the article broadens our understanding of disability and violence by focusing on poverty, violence as a cause of impairment and disability, and disabled women’s and men’s experiences of violence in a majority world context.     

Ties that bind: family obligations as immediate and anticipatory obstacles

While research on Asian American students has overwhelmingly emphasized family ties as an important contributor to student success in high school, what it neglects is how family ties can constrain students in their educational endeavors. Based on a study of 30 low-income Hmong American high school students, I argue that poverty can create conditions in which family ties bind students to gender-based expectations and obligations that prevent them from pursuing opportunities for social mobility. In their discussion of mobility obstacles, Hmong students consistently brought up family as a significant barrier. Whereas males were concerned about fulfilling family obligations related to performing cultural and religious rituals, females were distressed about providing social and economic support for their families. Both males and females framed family obligations as obstacles that interfere with their schooling but females were also concerned that family obligations would restrict their ability to pursue opportunities away from home.     

习近平关于精准扶贫工作的重要论述探析

习近平关于精准扶贫工作的重要论述的提出与发展折射出深刻复杂的时代背景，这一论述的逻辑演进具备客观的现实基础与鲜明的时代特征，是新形势下打赢脱贫攻坚战的思想罗盘与实践指南，是新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分。传统减贫模式效益下降、社会转型期矛盾频发、贫困代际间传递增强是这一论述的现实挑战，“扶持谁”的准确识别、“谁来扶”的责任担当、“怎么扶”的方法路径是这一论述的科学内涵，实现“共同富裕”彰显中国共产党人的不变初心是这一论述的本色所在。系统归纳总结这一论述在施策、推进、落地过程中所蕴含的重大理论与实践价值，有助于科学分析当前我国农村脱贫攻坚工作中的突出问题并指出治理优化路径，以期为打赢新时代脱贫攻坚战提供有效遵循。