Intensity and persistence of individuals' social exclusion in Australia

We construct a measure of social exclusion that recognises its multidimensionality at the individual level, including its potential variability in intensity at a point in time and in persistence over time. We distinguish seven dimensions or domains of social exclusion: material resources; employment; education and skills; health and disability; social; community; and personal safety. For each of these seven domains, several indicators of social exclusion are produced. Our exclusion measure identifies 20 to 30 per cent of the Australian population aged 15 years and over as experiencing ‘marginal’ or worse levels of exclusion at any given point in time. However, there is considerable variation in both the extent and persistence of exclusion among the excluded. We further find that, although there are commonalities in the demographic composition of the socially excluded and the income poor, there are also some important differences. For example, persons 65 years and over represent a much smaller share of the most ‘excluded’ group than they do of the ‘poorest‘; and – adopting a household‐level measure of exclusion – children represent a larger share of the excluded than they do of the poor.     

当前我国社会保障存在的问题及其改革措施

自《中华人民共和国劳动保险条例》颁布始 ,中国社会保障制度已走过 50年发展历程 ,社会保障制度从雏形到逐步成熟和规范。当前我国社会保障实践在成绩中隐含着许多矛盾和问题 ,因此 ,应尽快建立起独立于企业事业单位之外、资金来源多元化、保障制度规范化、管理服务社会化的社会保障体系已是迫在眉睫     

思想政治教育网络传播受众动机特征及对策分析

受众是思想政治教育网络传播的重要构成要素,研究受众接受动机成为提高思想政治教育网络传播效果的关键。思想政治教育的受众具有求知、交流、宣泄、求实和自我实现的动机,尊重受众的知情权,增强互动设置,提供适当的宣泄平台,加强网站的服务性功能,提高可供受众创造力发挥的平台是基本的对策。     

影响低年级大学生心理状态因素的分析

本文通过对低年级大学生心理状态的调查分析,认为大学生自身的内在心理素质和周围环境的外在条件相互作用不均衡将导致心理问题的产生,并强调"适应期"教育,促进低年级学生身心健康.     

我国工程教育改革问题初探

从国际比较及我国社会经济发展趋势看 ,我国工程教育改革面临着“产学研”脱钩、培养层次及结构体系单一和创新教育不够等诸多问题 ,必须寻求解决这些问题的有效对策。     

WTO规则下的我国有色金属行业

文章试图讨论在 WTO 游戏规则中,可为有色金属行业所用的、所必须遵循的、所需回避的规则,以此寻求我国有色金属行业吏大的发展空间。     

试论英语学科的素质教育

论述了英语学科素质教育的特点、内容及措施。重点剖析了英语学科素质教育的内容主要是让学生通过听、说、读、写、译等方面的语言实践活动去发展英语语言能力 ,培养良好的心理品质和思想道德品质。英语教学应强调使学生形成以交际能力为核心的英语语言运用素质。教师应注意调动学生的非智力因素 ,营造一个能进行交际实践的学习环境 ,并充分利用现有的教学手段 ,努力扩大学生的知识面 ,帮助他们建构自己的自主学习模式     

论"以德治校"在学校教育中的作用及途径

以德治校的内涵应从微观的德育教学和宏观的育人方略两个层面进行阐述.以德治校不是"以红代专"、"以德代法".施行以德治校有利于党的教育方针的全面贯彻、素质教育策略的有效推进、以德治国战略思想的有力实施.以德治校的途径和措施应在办学方针、校园文化、德育教学、德育研究、队伍建设诸方面全方位、多渠道、深层次地得以体现.     

抗战时期西部的航空运输业建设

抗战爆发后,为打破日军封锁和开展大后方正常对外贸易,国民政府采取了一系列措施以重庆为中心发展西部航空运输业.西部航空运输业在发展中呈现出航线变动频繁、航空运输建设服从军事需要为主等特点.西部航空运输业经过三个阶段的发展,在一定程度上支持了抗战,并推动了整个中国民航运输业的发展.但由于航空人才缺乏、航空制造技术落后等原因,西部航空运输业的发展又难尽人意.     

Covariates and Random Effects in a Gamma Process Model with Application to Degradation and Failure

The gamma process is a natural model for degradation processes in which deterioration is supposed to take place gradually over time in a sequence of tiny increments. When units or individuals are observed over time it is often apparent that they degrade at different rates, even though no differences in treatment or environment are present. Thus, in applying gamma-process models to such data, it is necessary to allow for such unexplained differences. In the present paper this is accomplished by constructing a tractable gamma-process model incorporating a random effect. The model is fitted to some data on crack growth and corresponding goodness-of-fit tests are carried out. Prediction calculations for failure times defined in terms of degradation level passages are developed and illustrated.