Likelihood Inference for Unions of Interacting Discs

Abstract. This is probably the first paper which discusses likelihood inference for a random set using a germ‐grain model, where the individual grains are unobservable, edge effects occur and other complications appear. We consider the case where the grains form a disc process modelled by a marked point process, where the germs are the centres and the marks are the associated radii of the discs. We propose to use a recent parametric class of interacting disc process models, where the minimal sufficient statistic depends on various geometric properties of the random set, and the density is specified with respect to a given marked Poisson model (i.e. a Boolean model). We show how edge effects and other complications can be handled by considering a certain conditional likelihood. Our methodology is illustrated by analysing Peter Diggle's heather data set, where we discuss the results of simulation‐based maximum likelihood inference and the effect of specifying different reference Poisson models.     

Four tests of fit for the beta-binomial distribution

Tests based on the Anderson–Darling statistic, a third moment statistic and the classical Pearson–Fisher X ² statistic, along with its third-order component, are considered. A small critical value and power study are given. Some examples illustrate important applications.     

我国少数民族构成要素的因子分析

本文用总人口、自治地方本民族人口、自治地方少数民族人口、人均GDP、农业人口、识字人口、在校生、母语人、单语人、双语人人数等 10项指标作为民族的地区、经济、教育和语言构成要素 ,对这些要素在我国现有少数民族中的构成情况作了描述、相关和因子提取等统计分析 ,以说明目前我国少数民族构成的基本社会状况 ,以及这些要素对少数民族整体和个体的构成的作用或代表的信息量有多大。文章还依据已有的经验知识对统计分析结果作了相应的说明和解释。结论是 ,目前我国少数民族之间的区别特征主要在于经济发展水平、人口的教育水平、居住地区、使用语言等方面的社会差别 ;但是从发展趋势看 ,传统意义上的各民族构成要素的作用将逐渐减弱 ,民族间的差别将逐渐缩小     

Shrinkage Structure of Partial Least Squares

Partial least squares regression (PLS) is one method to estimate parameters in a linear model when predictor variables are nearly collinear. One way to characterize PLS is in terms of the scaling (shrinkage or expansion) along each eigenvector of the predictor correlation matrix. This characterization is useful in providing a link between PLS and other shrinkage estimators, such as principal components regression (PCR) and ridge regression (RR), thus facilitating a direct comparison of PLS with these methods. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the shrinkage structure of PLS, and several new results are presented regarding the nature and extent of shrinkage.     

Inferences on the Among-Group Variance Component in Unbalanced Heteroscedastic One-Fold Nested Design

This article studies the hypothesis testing and interval estimation for the among-group variance component in unbalanced heteroscedastic one-fold nested design. Based on the concepts of generalized p-value and generalized confidence interval, tests and confidence intervals for the among-group variance component are developed. Furthermore, some simulation results are presented to compare the performance of the proposed approach with those of existing approaches. It is found that the proposed approach and one of the existing approaches can maintain the nominal confidence level across a wide array of scenarios, and therefore are recommended to use in practical problems. Finally, a real example is illustrated.     

A clustering approach to interpretable principal components

A new method for constructing interpretable principal components is proposed. The method first clusters the variables, and then interpretable (sparse) components are constructed from the correlation matrices of the clustered variables. For the first step of the method, a new weighted-variances method for clustering variables is proposed. It reflects the nature of the problem that the interpretable components should maximize the explained variance and thus provide sparse dimension reduction. An important feature of the new clustering procedure is that the optimal number of clusters (and components) can be determined in a non-subjective manner. The new method is illustrated using well-known simulated and real data sets. It clearly outperforms many existing methods for sparse principal component analysis in terms of both explained variance and sparseness.     

也谈新时期群众工作的重点和难点

当前,群众工作面临着许多新挑战,出现了许多新问题,这不仅是个理论问题,更是个实践问题。为做好新时期、新特点下的群众工作,不断提高群众工作的有效性,我们必须不断探索群众工作的新方法：要加大对党的理论和重大方针政策的解读力度;要增强理想信念的亲和力和吸引力;要不断提高执政理性的说服力;要提升党员干部践行＂三种力＂的能力。     

复杂性:包含于组织中的无序——对复杂性本质的一种解读

复杂性源于包含于组织中的无序。包含于组织中的无序不仅组织着组织,而且导致了组织的复杂性。无序只有包含于组织中才能够导致复杂性,组织外的无序对组织的复杂性产生影响,但它不能导致组织的复杂性,只有被组织吸收,成为组织内的无序,才能构成复杂性。复杂性的所有性质都因包含于组织中的无序而产生。没有无序,组织就没有偶然性、随机性、多样性和非线性等性质,就不可能出现扰动、涨落、涌现和分岔等现象,就不能突变和进化。复杂性是包含于组织中的无序,或者说包含于组织中的无序就是复杂性。     

基于加权模糊c均值聚类的快速图像自动分割算法

图像分割是指将一幅图像分解为若干互不交迭的区域的集合，是图像处理和计算机视觉的基本问题之一。为了提高图像分割的效率，提出了一种基于2维直方图加权的塔形模糊c均值（FCM）聚类图像快速分割算法。该方法先通过构造合理的2维直方图对噪声进行抑制；然后通过塔形分解来缩减聚类样本集；最后利用加权FCM聚类算法进行分类。仿真结果表明，该方法的效率明显优于标准的FCM算法。此外，为确定分割的最优类别数c，还引入了一种基于该快速算法的聚类有效性评价函数——修正划分模糊度，实现了最佳图像分割类别数c的自动确定。基于人造图像和实际图像的测试实验结果表明该方法是有效的。     

再析表见代理性质与被代理人过失

表见代理虽发生有权代理的效果 ,但将其归为有权代理却有诸多弊端 ,将其认定为无权代理则更具有合理性。对于表见代理是否应以被代理人过失为要件 ,应视构成表见代理的各种情形而定。