How Mood and Task Complexity Affect Children's Recognition of Others' Emotions

Previous studies examined how mood affects children's accuracy in matching emotional expressions and labels (label‐based tasks). This study was the first to assess how induced mood (positive, neutral, or negative) influenced five‐ to eight‐year‐olds' accuracy and reaction time using both context‐based tasks, which required inferring a character's emotion from a vignette, and label‐based tasks. Both tasks required choosing one of four facial expressions to respond. Children responded more accurately to label‐based questions relative to context‐based questions at the age of five to seven, but showed no differences at the age of eight, and when the emotional expression being identified was happiness, sadness, or surprise, but not disgust. For the context‐based questions, children were more accurate at inferring sad and disgusted emotions compared with happy and surprised emotions. Induced positive mood facilitated five‐year‐olds' processing (decreased reaction time) in both tasks compared with induced negative and neutral moods. Results demonstrate how task type and children's mood influence children's emotion processing at different ages.     

The Role of Social Goals in Bullies' and Victims' Social Information Processing in Response to Ambiguous and Overtly Hostile Provocation

Understanding what social goals are associated with bullying and victimization behaviours, even after allowing for biases in interpretation of and affective responses to social events, is critical for understanding the socio‐behavioural profile of bullies and victims. In the present study, 181 nine‐ to ten‐year‐olds' affective responses, attribution of intent, and social goals were assessed in the context of a series of ambiguous and overtly hostile provocation vignettes. Results showed that even after allowing for other social information processing biases, social goals were meaningfully associated with bullying and victimization scores. Bullying was inversely associated with relationship‐building goals, and positively associated with goals to be assertive over the provocateur when provocation was overtly hostile. Being victimized was associated with having submissive goals even when provocation was ambiguous and after accounting for attribution of hostile intent. Findings are discussed in light of theoretical and practical implications.     

A test for the equality of k medians against the simple tree alternative under right censorship

We consider a test for the equality of k population medians, θ_i i=1,2,….,k, when it is believed a priori, that θ _i: The observations are subject to right censorhip. The distributions of the censoring variables for each population are assumed to be equal. This test is compared with the general k-sample test proposed by Breslow     

Estimation and Inference for Linear Panel Data Models Under Misspecification When Both n and T are Large

This article considers fixed effects (FE) estimation for linear panel data models under possible model misspecification when both the number of individuals, n, and the number of time periods, T, are large. We first clarify the probability limit of the FE estimator and argue that this probability limit can be regarded as a pseudo-true parameter. We then establish the asymptotic distributional properties of the FE estimator around the pseudo-true parameter when n and T jointly go to infinity. Notably, we show that the FE estimator suffers from the incidental parameters bias of which the top order is O(T^{? 1}), and even after the incidental parameters bias is completely removed, the rate of convergence of the FE estimator depends on the degree of model misspecification and is either (nT)^{? 1/2} or n^{? 1/2}. Second, we establish asymptotically valid inference on the (pseudo-true) parameter. Specifically, we derive the asymptotic properties of the clustered covariance matrix (CCM) estimator and the cross-section bootstrap, and show that they are robust to model misspecification. This establishes a rigorous theoretical ground for the use of the CCM estimator and the cross-section bootstrap when model misspecification and the incidental parameters bias (in the coefficient estimate) are present. We conduct Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the finite sample performance of the estimators and inference methods, together with a simple application to the unemployment dynamics in the U.S.     

The social security number: A small device underpinning big systems

The possession and use of a personal social security number helps to structure people's daily lives. However, despite its fundamental normative importance, the social security number remains a little‐known entity. Increasingly universal and yet diverse in form, it is a legal and technical norm which is as much a mechanism for surveillance and monitoring as it is a necessary instrument for giving effect to social rights. Analysis of this constituent element of social security systems permits as assessment of some of the technical difficulties presented by the ever‐increasing movement of people and data. Overcoming these technical difficulties should permit to envisage a first technical step towards realizing a universal and global social security system.     

CDIO理念下的高职《图形图像处理》课程教学模式探索

针对高职《图形图像处理》课程教学中容易存在的问题，探讨将CDIO教学模式引入该课程教学各个环节中，构建“教、学、做”一体化课程体系，建设CDIO学习环境，基于案例组织课堂教学，基于项目实施实践实训教学，强化学生实践能力，建立基于CDIO的评价体系，以达到高效组织课程教学、培养学生工程能力的目的。     

词语语义加工中N400影响因素研究述评

作为语义加工大脑指标的N400成分受多种因素的影响。研究者从词类、词频、拼写相似性、语义关联、词语具体性、语境以及词汇隐喻等方面对词语语义加工中影响N400成分的因素进行了大量的研究。然而，这些研究对词语的出现条件进行了严格的限制：对词语列表中的词语的考察脱离了语境的制约，对完形填空中词语出现概率的考察受到句法结构的制约。本文对这些影响N400成分的因素进行了评述，建议该领域的研究重点可以倾向于脱离句法结构的条件限制，考察不同结构中词语或词语组合的语义加工过程，倾向于词语语义加工的跨语言渗透，并提出在词汇学习或教学中遴选词语的策略和语境制约的作用。     

养老金制度参数分析与延迟退休对策探析

通过分析调整养老金收支平衡的5个制度参数:覆盖率、缴费率、替代率、个人账户的给付系数、退休年龄,指出延迟退休是这5个可调节的制度参数中缓解养老金压力最有效的参数,并分析指出延迟退休应是一个循序渐进的过程,在借鉴国外经验的基础上,提出适应我国国情的延迟退休的政策建议。     

叠前时间偏移技术在东濮凹陷应用的认识

东濮凹陷断裂复杂，多断块、多套生储盖组合，叠后偏移成像效果不佳。叠前时间偏移技术在这一复杂断块区的应用可以改善成像效果。研究提出了一套以速度迭代为核心、地质信息为约束的求取偏移速度场的改进方法，提高了偏移速度的精度；通过对偏移孔径、最大偏移角度、射线路径、去假频4个关键参数处理的分析,得出适合东濮凹陷地震资料特点的经验参数，减少了以后处理过程中的试验工作量和参数试验的盲目性，有效地提高了处理效率。通过叠前时间偏移，提高了复杂断块地区成像精度，能够准确地落实断层位置和认识断块之间的关系，与井资料的吻合程度较高，取得了明显的地质效果。     

Estimation and Welfare Analysis With Large Demand Systems

We develop an approach for estimating individual or household level preferences for a large set of quality-differentiated goods and for constructing Hicksian welfare measures within the demand system framework. Our approach uses a maximum simulated likelihood procedure to recover estimates of the structural parameters and a multistage, Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm for constructing Hicksian consumer surplus estimates. We illustrate our approach with a recreation dataset consisting of day trips to 62 Mid-Atlantic beaches.