原型范畴理论对一词多义现象的解释

本文通过对一词多义现象产生的原因和机制的分析,利用原型范畴理论的观点对一词多义现象的存在进行了解释,认为一个词的多个义项是从原型义项演变而来的,并且表现出不同程度的家族相似性,同时又表现出不同程度的原型义项身份。随着词义范畴的扩展,其边缘变得越来越模糊,并且出现与其他词义范畴的交叉。     

航海英语中非限制性定语从句的分析

就航海英语中一些非限制性定语从句的要素进行了分析。与限制性定语从句不同,非限制性定语从句存在更多的限制,如含有的先行词及所选关联词。所以本文旨在探究航海英语中非限制性定语从句的一些特点。     

关于实质条件句的两个问题

实质条件句和蕴涵的关系如何？实质条件句与日常语言中的条件句的关系如何？这是关于实质条件句的两个基本问题。澄清了实质条件句和蕴涵的关系，指出不能将蕴涵混同于相应的实质条件句的真理性，并在此基础上分析了所谓的蕴涵悖论。应该将实质条件句在技术上的价值与它在日常语言中的对应物这两个问题分开处理，并论证了以实质条件句概念解释日常语言中的直陈单独条件句的适当性，指出两者之间的关系是卡尔纳普所谓之辩明关系。     

Longitudinal network models and permutation-uniform Markov chains

Consider longitudinal networks whose edges turn on and off according to a discrete-time Markov chain with exponential-family transition probabilities. We characterize when their joint distributions are also exponential families with the same parameter, improving data reduction. Further we show that the permutation-uniform subclass of these chains permit interpretation as an independent, identically distributed sequence on the same state space. We then apply these ideas to temporal exponential random graph models, for which permutation uniformity is well suited, and discuss mean-parameter convergence, dyadic independence, and exchangeability. Our framework facilitates our introducing a new network model; simplifies analysis of some network and autoregressive models from the literature, including by permitting closed-form expressions for maximum likelihood estimates for some models; and facilitates applying standard tools to longitudinal-network Markov chains from either asymptotics or single-observation exponential random graph models.     

Selection of linear mixed-effects models for clustered data

We consider model selection for linear mixed-effects models with clustered structure, where conditional Kullback–Leibler (CKL) loss is applied to measure the efficiency of the selection. We estimate the CKL loss by substituting the empirical best linear unbiased predictors (EBLUPs) into random effects with model parameters estimated by maximum likelihood. Although the BLUP approach is commonly used in predicting random effects and future observations, selecting random effects to achieve asymptotic loss efficiency concerning CKL loss is challenging and has not been well studied. In this paper, we propose addressing this difficulty using a conditional generalized information criterion (CGIC) with two tuning parameters. We further consider a challenging but practically relevant situation where the number, $m$, of clusters does not go to infinity with the sample size. Hence the random-effects variances are not consistently estimable. We show that via a novel decomposition of the CKL risk, the CGIC achieves consistency and asymptotic loss efficiency, whether $m$ is fixed or increases to infinity with the sample size. We also conduct numerical experiments to illustrate the theoretical findings.     

Combining evidence from clinical trials in conditional or accelerated approval

Conditional (European Medicines Agency) or accelerated (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) approval of drugs allows earlier access to promising new treatments that address unmet medical needs. Certain post-marketing requirements must typically be met in order to obtain full approval, such as conducting a new post-market clinical trial. We study the applicability of the recently developed harmonic mean ${\chi }^2$-test to this conditional or accelerated approval framework. The proposed approach can be used both to support the design of the post-market trial and the analysis of the combined evidence provided by both trials. Other methods considered are the two-trials rule, Fisher's criterion and Stouffer's method. In contrast to some of the traditional methods, the harmonic mean ${\chi }^2$-test always requires a post-market clinical trial. If the $p$-value from the pre-market clinical trial is $\ll 0.025$, a smaller sample size for the post-market clinical trial is needed than with the two-trials rule. For illustration, we apply the harmonic mean ${\chi }^2$-test to a drug which received conditional (and later full) market licensing by the EMA. A simulation study is conducted to study the operating characteristics of the harmonic mean ${\chi }^2$-test and two-trials rule in more detail. We finally investigate the applicability of these two methods to compute the power at interim of an ongoing post-market trial. These results are expected to aid in the design and assessment of the required post-market studies in terms of the level of evidence required for full approval.     

排污权价格随机情境下基于CVaR准则的企业生产决策

面向排污权市场价格随机情境，通过提取理性企业在产品生产、污染削减、排污权交易等方面决策行为与排污权市场价格之间的关联性，推导了排污权市场价格随机情境下的企业随机利润函数；基于条件风险价值(CVaR)风险度量准则，推导了任意置信水平下随机利润的风险价值(VaR)解析表达式，建立了不同排污权预期价格和置信水平下的CVaR测度模型；基于此，深入论证了给定置信水平下实现随机利润CVaR最大化的企业最优决策及其特征，并系统分析了外部情景要素变动对最优决策及其优化结果的影响。主要结论表明：在企业分别作为排污权出售者与购买者两种情况下，随机利润CVaR的具体测度因利润下行风险存在的排污权市场价格区间不同而存在差异；基于CVaR准则，考虑决策风险的最优决策受到决策主体置信水平、排污权初始配额、排污权市场价格均值及标准差等多因素的复杂影响，进而系统性地偏离风险中性最优决策，并表现出风险规避特征；通过算例分析对所得结论进行全面验证，进一步说明该模型能较好地刻画与反映排污权交易企业决策风险及其现实决策行为。     

Parental unconditional acceptance: An antidote to parental conditional regard

Studies around the world revealed that children's performance is a significant source of parents’ self-worth. This phenomenon is particularly salient among Chinese parents because of the emphasis on interdependent self-construal in a face culture. With child-based worth, many parents feel compelled to use conditional regard to minimize children's failure and maximize success. Yet, parental conditional regard is notorious for its undermining effects on children's well-being. This study aimed to investigate the antecedents and consequences of parental unconditional acceptance to children, an antidote to parental conditional regard. We conducted a priming experiment with 145 parents randomly assigned to child-based worth or unconditional self-acceptance conditions. Results showed that child-based worth was an inhibitive factor, whereas unconditional self-acceptance was a facilitative factor to parents’ provision of unconditional acceptance to children. Parents primed with unconditional self-acceptance had more intention to provide unconditional acceptance to their children, and in turn had more authoritative responses to their children's undesirable behavior. Our findings have practical implications for parent education.     

RCEP争端解决机制中特殊与差别待遇条款探析

《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》（RCEP）在争端解决机制中沿袭了WTO特殊与差别待遇条款，相关内容具有很强的合理性。但是RCEP争端解决机制中特殊与差别待遇条款却存在对象不明确、相关程序模糊和条款强制性低等问题，给条款适用带来了巨大的挑战，为了更好落实RCEP争端解决机制中特殊与差别待遇条款，应该将实现最不发达国家利益作为出发点，增设概念明晰条款、增强条款的准确性和条款的强制性，探寻出一条适用特殊与差别待遇的长远路径。     

中国股票市场收益率的可预测性研究

构造了包括中国A股市场组合、行业组合、账面市值比组合和市值组合在内的31个投资组合,选取了8个预测因子(账面市值比、股利分配率、股息价格比、股息收益率、每股收益价格比、现金收益价格比、通货膨胀率、股票波动率),运用了可行拟广义最小二乘法对各因子对各投资组合收益率的可预测性进行了样本内和样本外检验.研究发现:1)中国股市收益率是可预测的,但是各投资组合收益率的可预测性在样本内、样本外、熊市和牛市均存在差异;2)绝大部分投资组合收益率的可预测性可由条件CAPM模型捕捉的时变系统风险溢价充分解释; 3)行业投资组合收益率的可预测性与行业集中度显著负相关,可由信息摩擦理论解释.