美国“337条款”与“特别301条款”的比较及应对

在强化对知识产权保护的国际贸易环境中,中国向美国的出口不断遭遇来自美方的贸易壁垒,最具有杀伤力的就是“337条款”和“特别301条款”。这两个条款一个保护其国内市场,一个制约与其有贸易往来的国家的贸易政策和法律,内外结合,杀伤力极大。对这两个条款进行比较并寻找有效的应对方法,对促进我国国际贸易的发展有着重要的意义。     

A multifactorial explanation of youth unemployment and the special case of Austria

One of the biggest challenges currently facing European society is the dramatically high level of youth unemployment. Commonly, political solutions and strategies can be found in those countries that have been able to keep youth unemployment low in spite of the financial and economic crises. Austria is such a case. On the basis of European Union Member State data, the article gives a multifactorial explanation of youth unemployment and asks whether these factors can explain relatively low youth unemployment in Austria. With the country's “youth safety net” presented in detail, it is shown that active labour market policy reduces youth unemployment in Austria. The article also points out the limitations of cross‐country comparisons of youth unemployment rates and proposes the use of a greater number of indicators. Finally, the article argues for economic policies to stimulate demand, which have to be based on a political and social commitment to full employment.     

文明城市测评体系中的自然与社会科学内涵探析

文明城市测评体系是综合社会多方智慧在创建实践中形成的,具有科学性和启示性。首先,基于黄金分割准则得出了测评体系中人文社会科学类约占到45.45%权重,而自然科学类约占54.55%;其中纯人文科学类占16.2%,纯自然科学类占32.4%,交叉指标达51.4%。依据江苏省社会科学类各指标达标率调查结果,找出了与测评体系要求的差距:占权重高的行为观念要素的达标率低,而占权重低的知识、其他等的达标率高。这些分析对指导今后文明城市创建工作有积极的启示意义。     

Exploring unwarranted clinical variation: The attitudes of midwives and obstetric medical staff regarding induction of labour and planned caesarean section

BackgroundUnexplained clinical variation is a major issue in planned birth i.e. induction of labour and planned caesarean section.AimTo map attitudes and knowledge of maternity care professionals regarding indications for planned birth, and assess inter-professional (midwifery versus medical) and intra-professional variation.MethodsA custom-created survey of medical and midwifery staff at eight Sydney hospitals. Staff were asked to rate their level of agreement with 45 “evidence-based” statements regarding caesareans and inductions on a five-point Likert scale. Responses were grouped by profession, and comparisons made of inter- and intra-professional responses.FindingsTotal 275 respondents, 78% midwifery and 21% medical. Considerable inter- and intra-professional variation was noted, with midwives generally less likely to consider any of the planned birth indications “valid” compared to medical staff. Indications for induction with most variation in midwifery responses included maternal characteristics (age≥40, obesity, ethnicity) and fetal macrosomia; and for medical personnel in-vitro fertilisation, maternal request, and routine induction at 39 weeks gestation. Indications for caesarean with most variation in midwifery responses included previous lower segment caesarean section, previous shoulder dystocia, and uncomplicated breech; and for medical personnel uncomplicated dichorionic twins. Indications with most inter-professional variation were induction at 41+ weeks versus 42+ weeks and cesarean for previous lower segment caesarean section.DiscussionBoth inter- and intra-professional variation in what were considered valid indications reflected inconsistency in underlying evidence and/or guidelines.ConclusionGreater focus on interdisciplinary education and consensus, as well as on shared decision-making with women, may be helpful in resolving these tensions.     

论1927年国民党的清党反共及其后果——国民党大陆政权若干重大政策选择的错误及其危害研究之一

文章认为,一系列重大政策选择的错误及其所引发的严重后果,是导致国民党大陆政权迅速走向衰微的重要原因。1927年的清党反共便是一个典型的例子,这场运动所造成的后果为日后国民党政权迅速走向衰微埋下了伏笔。     

Timing of hospital admission in labour: latent versus active phase,mode of birth and intrapartum interventions. A correlational study

Background

Hospitalization of women in latent labour often leads to a cascade of unnecessary intrapartum interventions, to avoid potential disadvantages the recommendation should be to stay at home to improve women’s experience and perinatal outcomes.

Seeking control in the midst of uncertainty: Women’s experiences of choosing mode of birth after caesarean

Problem

Clinical practice guidelines indicate that over 80% of women with a previous caesarean should be offered a planned vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC), however only one third of eligible women choose to plan a VBAC. To support informed choices for birth after caesarean, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence women’s decision-making.

中国商业银行资本缓冲的周期性研究——基于16家上市银行的实证分析

基于中国16家上市银行2000—2013年的非平衡面板数据, 使用Driscoll和Kraay(1998)的方法对中国商业银行的资本缓冲与经济周期之间的关系进行再检验, 并且考虑银行之间可能存在空间截面自相关问题, 实证结果显示:经济周期缺口系数显著为正, 商业银行规模系数显著为负, 贷款损失拨备系数为负但不显著。研究结果表明:中国商业银行资本缓冲存在一定的逆周期性;商业银行“太大而不能倒”理论不适用于中国现实情况;贷款损失拨备计提不仅基于利润理论, 也会受到成本费用理论的影响, 这两个理论之间的权衡造成贷款损失拨备系数并不显著为负。     

不均匀媒质填充矩形弯曲波导的研究(英文)

在圆柱坐标系中对径向不均匀媒质填充的矩形弯曲波导进行了研究。在截止频率上,波导中的电磁场可分解为E模和H模。利用摄动理论和低阶模近似,讨论了特征方程。研究表明,HE模和EH模在弱不均匀媒质和低阶模近似条件下是简并的。     

隐身目标雷达截面的缩比测量及反演计算

隐身雷达目标的电磁散射缩比测量是研究飞行器隐身、反隐身技术发展过程中不可缺少的组成部分。根据相似性原理，首先提出能与全尺寸原型目标具有相同散射特性的缩比测量应该具备的条件；然后提出当实际的缩比测量偏离这些条件时对雷达散射截面的影响。依照本文提供的原理和方法，可从不满足理想缩比条件的模型测量值推算原型的雷达散射截面。