Science Policy Choices and the Estimation of Cancer Risk Associated with Exposure to TCDD

United States regulatory agencies use no-threshold models for estimating carcinogenic risks. Other countries use no-threshold models for carcinogens that are genotoxic and threshold models for carcinogens that are not genotoxic, such as 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or "dioxin"). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a revision of the carcinogenic potency estimate for TCDD that is based on neither a threshold nor a no-threshold model; instead, it is a compromise between risk numbers generated by the two irreconcilably different models. This paper discusses the revision and its implications.     

基于多重委托-代理关系的规制俘虏模型研究

在政府对自然垄断企业的规制研究中,大多假设规制者是公众的代言人和国家利益的维护者,而在实际运作过程中,规制者还是一个自身效用最大化的追求者,这种双重身份有可能导致规制者利用自身的权力与受规制企业形成合谋,以便获取双方利益,从而产生规制俘虏问题,加重政府规制的不完备性。本文将在非对称信息条件下,运用多重委托-代理模型,对规制俘虏问题进行探讨,并根据模型分析的结论,提出相应的抑制手段。     

稳定币Libra的风险与规制路径

Facebook的稳定币Libra项目，引起各国金融界和监管机构的关注和警惕。Libra在技术成熟度、稳定性、安全性、应用场景等方面均占有优势，也将带来种种潜在风险，增大各国外汇管制难度，弱化各国货币政策实施效果，增加反洗钱和反恐怖融资的难度。对此，中国监管机构应首先明确Libra稳定币的法律属性。其次，中国要调整监管手段及外汇管理的具体方式。最后，有区块链与数字货币技术研发实力的互联网巨头可尝试发行与人民币1：1挂钩的稳定币。监管机构制定出台相应法律政策前，可先行指导和推动上述商业巨头自己创生稳定币的治理规则。在中国互联网巨头探索稳定币发行的成熟经验和商业模式基础上，由中国央行加以借鉴，最后搭建法定的数字货币发行体系。     

试论我国外贸经营权的登记和核准制

20 0 1年 7月 ,我国外贸经营管理制度作出了重大改革 ,即将外贸经营主体资格的取得从审批制改为登记和核准制。这一修改既是我国对外贸易发展的要求 ,也是我国遵守WTO规则的内在要求的反映。同时 ,登记和核准制的实行 ,也给不同形态的企业发展带来了不同的影响     

Central Bank Autonomy without Monetary Policy

The autonomy of a country’s central bank from political authorities has been advocated both as a remedy against the inflationary bias that would otherwise be present in the conduct of the government’s monetary policy and, more recently, on the basis of empirical evidence. However, both theoretical arguments and empirical findings have associated central bank autonomy with the conduct of monetary policy, while often failing to pay attention to those institutional cases where a central bank is in place but is not responsible for the conduct of monetary policy. These cases are particularly relevant for those countries which do not possess their own currency, or where extreme monetary regimes such as dollarization, currency boards, or monetary unions are present. These institutional settings, where a central bank exists, but there is no monetary policy to be conducted, raise the issue of central bank autonomy in a framework where the inflation bias is no longer pertinent. In other words: Is central bank autonomy still a relevant objective when a country does not run its own monetary policy? The present paper addresses this question, discusses dimensions of autonomy and accountability and maintains that central bank autonomy still does matter, particularly if the central bank is responsible for bank supervision and financial regulation.     

也谈“forensic linguistics”的汉译名及我国法律语言学的主要研究对象

考虑到中国的成文法传统和现实,forensic linguistics的汉译名宜还原为"司法语言学";"法律语言学"可以与legal linguistics互为译名.立法语言、执法语言、司法语言、法律研究语言是法律语言学在我国的主要研究对象.     

论成文刑法的社会认同

刑法是我国重要的部门法 ,它对保障我国社会主义市场经济的发展 ,维护社会安定的作用不言而喻 ,我国是成文法国家 ,1 997年实施的刑法典对惩罚犯罪发挥了重要作用。但如何使社会对刑法典的内容及其司法机关的执法活动为社会接受是目前急需解决的问题     

The [R]Evolving Relationship Between Risk Assessment and Risk Management

In Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment, the National Research Council recommends improvements in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's approach to risk assessment. The recommendations aim to increase the utility of these assessments, embedding them within a new risk‐based decision‐making framework. The framework involves first identifying the problem and possible options for addressing it, conducting related analyses, then reviewing the results and making the risk management decision. Experience with longstanding requirements for regulatory impact analysis provides insights into the implementation of this framework. First, neither the Science and Decisions framework nor the framework for regulatory impact analysis should be viewed as a static or linear process, where each step is completed before moving on to the next. Risk management options are best evaluated through an iterative and integrative procedure. The extent to which a hazard has been previously studied will strongly influence analysts’ ability to identify options prior to conducting formal analyses, and these options will be altered and refined as the analysis progresses. Second, experience with regulatory impact analysis suggests that legal and political constraints may limit the range of options assessed, contrary to both existing guidance for regulatory impact analysis and the Science and Decisions recommendations. Analysts will need to work creatively to broaden the range of options considered. Finally, the usefulness of regulatory impact analysis has been significantly hampered by the inability to quantify many health impacts of concern, suggesting that the scientific improvements offered within Science and Decisions will fill an crucial research gap.     

Risk and Planning in Agriculture: How Planning on Dairy Farms in Ireland Is Affected by Farmers’ Regulatory Focus

This article examines how planning on dairy farms is affected by farmers' motivation. It argues that farmers' choice of expansion strategies can be specified in terms of risk decision making and understood as either prevention‐focused or promotion‐focused motivation. This relationship was empirically examined using mediated regression analyses where promotion/prevention focus was the independent variable and its effect on total milk production via planned expansion strategies was examined. The results indicate that promotion focus among farmers has an indirect effect on farm expansion via planning strategies that incur greater risk to the farm enterprise. Regulatory focus on the part of farmers has an influence on farmers' planning and risk management activities and must be accounted for in the design and implementation of policy and risk management tools in agriculture.     

电力监管机构与电力消费者保护：理论、经验与启示

垄断固然侵占消费者剩余,市场竞争也并不能自动改善和增进消费者福利,保护消费者权益是反垄断法和消费者保护法的共同目的,但由于采取的路径不同,在竞争秩序维护和消费者保护之间存在着一定张力,行业监管机构的消费者保护措施是实现两者协调均衡的重要手段。我国应以消费者利益作为电力体制改革的考虑基点,避免以社会公共利益侵夺消费者权益,电力监管机构应加强对电力消费合同订立阶段的干预,并完善电力消费者争议庭外解决制度。