自评一般健康的信度和效度分析

本文利用2008年“中国流动与健康调查”（IMHC）数据,分析了自评一般健康指标的信度和效度。研究发现,自评一般健康具有较好的信度,被访者先后两次回答的结果高度一致,两次回答结果的微小变动表现为随机性的波动,而非系统性偏差。该指标在一定程度上会受到调查中题目次序效应的影响。关于自评一般健康指标效度的分析发现,该指标能够有效反映被访者自我感知的各种健康状态和个体既有的关于自身健康的知识,但不能很好地反映个体无法感知的机体变化等健康问题。自评一般健康存在较为复杂的回答偏误问题,受不同年龄、社会经济地位群体关于健康的评价标准、期望与认知差异的影响,其回答结果在不同人群中的可比性值得商榷。     

Is failure to raise concerns about misconduct a breach of integrity? Researchers’ reflections on reporting misconduct

This article describes and discusses the views of researchers on the significance of raising concerns about scientific misconduct in their work environment and the reasons or circumstances that might deter them from doing so. In this exploratory qualitative research study, we conducted in-depth interviews with 33 researchers working in life sciences and medicine. They represent three seniority levels and five universities across Switzerland. A large majority of respondents in this research study argued that failure to raise concerns about scientific misconduct compromises research integrity. This is an encouraging result demonstrating that researchers try to adhere to high ethical standards. However, further interaction with respondents highlighted that this correct ethical assessment does not lead researchers to take the consequent action of raising concerns. The factors that discourage researchers from raising concerns need to be addressed at the level of research groups, institutions, and by setting a positive precedent which helps them to believe in the system’s ability to investigate concerns raised in a timely and professional manner. Training of researchers in research integrity related issues will have limited utility unless it is coupled with the creation of research culture where raising concerns is a standard practice of scientific and research activities.     

Reporting Rape in a National Sample of College Women

Abstract

Background: Studies indicate that a small percentage of rapes are reported to law enforcement officials. Research also suggests that rapes perpetrated by a stranger are more likely to be reported and that rapes involving drugs and/or alcohol are less likely to be reported. College women represent a unique and understudied population with regard to reporting rape. Methods: In the current study, the authors interviewed a national sample of 2,000 college women about rape experiences in 2006. Results: Only 11.5% of college women in the sample reported their most recent/only rape experience to authorities, with only 2.7% of rapes involving drugs and/or alcohol reported. Minority status (ie, nonwhite race) was associated with lower likelihood of reporting, whereas sustaining injuries during the rape was associated with increased likelihood of reporting. Discussion: Reporting, particularly for rapes involving drugs and alcohol, is low among college women. Implications for policy are discussed.     

Older Women's Perceptions of Elder Maltreatment and Ethical Dilemmas in Adult Protective Services: A Cross-Cultural,Exploratory Study

In this study, older African American, Latina, and Caucasian women from varying socioeconomic backgrounds participated in eight focus groups that examined their perceptions of elder maltreatment and three ethical dilemmas within adult protective service work: mandatory reporting, involuntary protective services, and criminalization of elder maltreatment. Participants espoused a broad and inclusive view of elder maltreatment. In responding to illustrative case scenarios, participants strongly favored protection over freedom by supporting mandatory reporting and involuntary protective services. Criminalization of elder maltreatment also was supported. This article presents results of each scenario and broad themes across the study, with attention paid to areas of consistency and difference across ethnicity and socioeconomic categories.     

Discrepancies in Reporting of Physical and Sexual Abuse Among Homeless Young Adults

This study investigated risk factors for discrepant reporting of physical and sexual abuse among 172 homeless young adults. Discrepant reporting includes situations in which a respondent denies experiencing abuse in general but reports being a victim of specific forms of maltreatment. The results revealed that discrepant reporting rates tended to be highest for minor physical assault and for noncontact sexual abuse. Multivariate results revealed that demographic characteristics were important correlates of both discrepant physical and sexual abuse reporters. Family background characteristics also played a role in discrepant reporting for physical abuse. Overall, some young people with abuse histories are not adequately labeling their maltreatment experiences and, as a result, may not be receiving the necessary treatment.     

行政执法有奖举报制度的法律属性分析

行政执法有奖举报制度具有丰富的内涵,从单一角度理解其法律属性已不能满足我们充分认识这一制度的需要。国务院及其办公厅的规范性文件见证着有奖举报制度的发展历程。以现有规范性文件为实证分析样本,我们可以发现,有奖举报制度分别以行政执法的辅助手段、公众参与的特殊方式、权利救济的重要渠道等样态体现在这些规范性文件中,这些样态实际体现了有奖举报的三种法律属性。在传统行政法学理论中,行政允诺是最可涵盖有奖举报不同样态的适当概念。     

To Tell or Not to Tell? The Ethical Dilemma of the Would-Be Whistleblower

Despite the growing emphasis placed on the responsible conduct of research, little attention has been devoted to the question of what an individual should do upon discovering research misconduct. This article takes seriously the dilemma of a would-be whistleblower. It identifies ethical considerations that can be taken into account in moral decision-making about reporting research misconduct. It also offers rough guidelines about the moral significance of each consideration in the decision-making process based on the facts of the case in question. The article, therefore, offers tools for a would-be whistleblower to use to arrive at a defensible resolution to a difficult dilemma.     

论新闻客观性规范与国际媒体的对华报道

新闻客观性规范作为新闻行业的一种"行业策略性仪式",要求记者能在极短的截稿时限内,呈现正反两面的意见,并使用引语,说明出处。在中国环境下,由于我国各部门的新闻发布机制反应迅捷程度不够,不能及时提供足够的有助于记者发稿的信息,外国记者在报道时不得不使用最"方便"的消息来源,从而直接造成外国媒体对华报道的偏向。     

关于新闻报道中坚持“以人为本”的探讨

坚持“以人为本”,是做好新闻宣传工作的根本要求。按照这一要求开展新闻宣传工作,才能适应时代对新闻工作的要求,发挥新闻在社会主义现代化建设中的作用。     

人文与自然两合:及物性系统下二十四节气文化报道生态话语分析

文章采用及物性系统标注和生态话语分析方法对中国日报中48篇二十四节气文化报道进行了研究。研究结果表明,反映节气变化、农事活动和气象特征的物质、关系过程及其参与者成分在语料中占比较高。同时,以上成分还承载了人与自然和谐共处的背景信息,包括范围、定位、方式和因果环境成分等。高频词汇在各成分中突出了人类承担生态责任和重视自然的生态地位。通过及物性系统下的生态话语分析,文章认为,二十四节气文化报道展现了人类了解、顺应、保护自然并与自然和谐共处的生态效果,体现了中华优秀传统文化中人文与自然的融合,在引导公众正确认知人与自然关系方面具有重要意义。