试论语言符号与非语言符号的共性与个性

语言符号与非语言符号的共性是：既有物质性,又有精神性;既有任意性,又有非任意性;既有概括性,又有抽象性;既有民族性,又有全人类性。二者的个性是：能指不同;能指的组合不同;能指与所指的关系不同;用法与功能不同;形成与发展情况不同。     

表面相似性与标签效应对儿童数概念发展的影响

为考察表面相似性与标签效应对3～6岁儿童数概念发展的影响，采取等量匹配任务和数量比较任务考察儿童数概念的发展情况，并通过给数取物，给物取数和等量匹配与数量比较任务的关系考察儿童使用数字标签的能力对儿童数概念形成与发展的影响。结果表明：5岁儿童基本可以完成等量匹配和数量比较任务；表面相似性效应与儿童数概念的发展没有显著的相关；数字标签能够促进儿童数概念的发展。     

隐喻本质的哲学反思

从哲学的角度来看,隐喻与明喻的区别并不在于缺省了比喻标志词,而在于隐喻是直陈,明喻是修饰和形容.隐喻是利用结构比较清晰的概念来系统认识未成形的经验或概念的过程,正是这一过程产生了隐喻的认知性.隐喻并不是表达现成的、明摆着的相似性的一种手段.隐喻相似性是人类认知创造性的结果.这种创造性使隐喻成为人类认识世界的最重要的手段.隐喻直陈性使隐喻意义不再依赖于隐喻表面包含的语义冲突,而完全依赖于语词的通常含义.     

学术话语二元构成视角下的中国翻译绘画类比

中国翻译学术话语形成了由西方和中国传统译论构成的二元结构,产生了科学观和艺术观的对立。中国翻译的艺术观是中国传统翻译观的主流,是世界独特的译学模式,其中翻译绘画类比是理解中国翻译理论的关键。它构成了翻译史的框架,植根于中国文化的艺术性思维取向。只有理清这一类比历史脉络才能真正理解际遇中的西方译论并与之平等对话。临摹意义的翻译观被创造性绘画的翻译观置换,原文"现实"同原文一道成为翻译的参照,缓和了作者/原文与译者/译文之间的紧张关系,但真正消弭二元对立格局,建立原文与译文、作者与译者平等对话关系的前提是建立共享世界的历史视阈。     

Gender similarity in growth patterns of support toward friends during young adulthood

The purpose of this article was to analyze change over time in a specific aspect of prosocial behavior, emotional support toward friends, using two different methodologies. We examined how emotional support changes during the transition to adulthood and whether gender‐based group comparisons yield different gender patterns than person‐centered growth mixture models. We hypothesized that emotional helping toward friends would increase over time and that person‐centered analyses would not show gender differences as large as those indicated by group comparison models. Participants were 466 young adults (ages 18–21). Findings indicated that important intragroup variance was masked when analyses focused on comparisons between gender groups. Person‐centered analyses indicated two mixed‐gender groups with different prosocial trajectories. We discuss how the methods and outcomes of person‐centered analyses are more congruent with current theories of “gender similarities” as well as empirical evidence of the small gender difference in social behaviors such as emotional support.     

Why die for my sibling? The positive association between identity fusion and imagined loss with endorsement of self-sacrifice / ¿Por qué morir por un hermano? La asociación positiva entre la fusión de identidad y la pérdida imaginada con la disposición al autosacrificio

Abstract

Identity fusion — a visceral feeling of connection with a group — is a powerful predictor of willingness to engage in extreme pro-group behaviour. Here we propose that identity fusion also reinforces willingness to fight and die for one’s siblings, and we explore one of the underlying mechanisms producing this effect. We additionally controlled for a powerful predictor of family investment, perceived psychological similarity with the sibling. Our study shows that fusion with a sibling, but not perceived similarity, is positively associated with willingness to fight and die for the sibling. This relation is mediated by the imagined personal consequences of losing one’s sibling. This research extends previous work on fusion with groups to pairs of individuals and identifies a new mediator of the effect of fusion on willingness to fight and die for others. Overall, these results suggest that identity fusion might contribute towards explaining self-sacrifice among genetically related individuals as predicted by the theory of kin selection.     

Manufacturing cell formation using similarity coefficients and pair-wise interchange: formulation and comparison

Many algorithms have been proposed to form manufacturing cells from component routeings. Most of these methods require specialized algorithms for implementation. Some others use well-known procedures such as integer programming. But these may be difficult for practising managers to comprehend. In this study we propose a simple method that can be implemented using spreadsheet software and an inexpensive layout package such as CRAFT. In addition, we also compare our procedure with many existing procedures using eight well-known problems from the literature. The results show that the proposed procedure compares well with the existing procedures using three evaluation measures. Therefore, this procedure may be useful to practitioners and researchers.     

Chips off the old blocks? The political participation patterns of parents and children in Italy

This article studies the relationship between the political participation of parents and children in Italy, a country for which no empirical evidence on the topic is available and that has particular characteristics in terms of household dynamics and patterns of political participation. The analyses are based on a sample of 12,802 children from 14 to 19 years old and their parents, drawn from the “Multipurpose survey – Aspects of daily life”, collected by the Italian National Institute of Statistics. The results show that the political participation of children is strongly associated with that of their parents; that maternal participation is of somewhat greater relevance to the participation of both sons and daughters compared to that of fathers; and that the parents’ level of education is not associated with the likelihood of the child participating, net of parental participation.     

An approach to consensus measurement of linguistic preference relations in multi-attribute group decision making and application

This paper studies the group decision making problem with linguistic preference relations. We first study the consensus measure between the individual preference relations and the collective (group) preference relation by defining the concept of degree of similarity between two linguistic values and two linguistic preference relations. Then we propose a concept of the acceptance consensus threshold value for group decision making with linguistic preference information. We show that the consensus between individual preference relations and the collective (group) preference relation is greater than the weighted similarity degree of a given individual preference relation with respect to other individual preference relations in group decision making with linguistic preference relations. The results will help in the analysis of crucial issues of conflict and agreement among preferences of decision-makers, which affect the consensus of group decision making with linguistic preference relations. Theoretical foundations are then established for the proposed method. Finally, the proposed method is applied to evaluate the degree of consensus of individual overall preference values with respect to the collective overall preference values for multi-attribute group decision making with linguistic information. The main contribution of this paper is twofold. One is to present a new way to measure the consensus between the individual preference relations and the collective (group) preference relation in group decision making with linguistic preference information. Another is to provide an effective approach to evaluating individual overall preference values with respect to the collective overall preference values in multi-attribute group decision making with linguistic information.     

Voluntary Associations' Impact on the Composition of Active Members' Social Networks: Not an Either/Or Matter

Membership in voluntary associations is often assumed to have a homogenizing or diversifying impact on the social composition of members' personal relations. In this study, we examine these assertions empirically in a sample (n = 818) comprising active members of voluntary associations in a typical midsized Swedish community. We investigate whether people whom active members of voluntary associations have met through their voluntary activities are more or less likely to share their social characteristics than people whom they have met elsewhere. Our results show that acquaintances whom our respondents have acquired within voluntary associations are less likely to share several of their significant social characteristics than other members of their personal networks, but more likely to reside in their vicinity than others. Consequently, our results give fairly robust support to the “integrating hypothesis” according to which voluntary associations contribute to the social diversification of their members' personal networks. We do, however, emphasize the principally important aspects of our results, according to which relations acquired through involvement in voluntary associations may have simultaneously homogenizing and diversifying effects on individuals' personal networks. Furthermore, the effect may also depend on the specific dimension(s) of the networks under consideration.