激情与权威——霍布斯主权理论新释

霍布斯的主权理论因强调主权者唯一的、至上的、绝对的权威而被视为"绝对主义",甚至被误解为"专制主义"或"极权主义"。究其根源,在于霍布斯试图通过赋予主权者绝对权威,驯顺臣民的激情,使臣民彻底摆脱倾向争斗的激情控制,服从正确理性和法律法规的约束。但是,霍布斯没有注意到主权者本身的权威也需要有制约和平衡,否则无法防止主权者的权力被滥用。该文从激情学说与主权理论的统一、主权理论的基础以及主权理论的行使之间的关联来探讨重构霍布斯的主权理论。     

Competing Sovereignties,Contested Processes: Insights from the Venezuelan Food Sovereignty Experiment

Abstract

This article explores how ‘competing sovereignties’ are shaping the political construction of food sovereignty—broadly defined as ‘the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems'. This study was motivated by a lack of clarity on the ‘sovereignty’ of food sovereignty, as noted by numerous scholars—sovereignty for whom, and how? As there is a growing consensus that there are in fact ‘multiple sovereignties’ of food sovereignty that cut across jurisdictions and scales, there is the question of how these sovereignties are competing with each other in the attempted construction of food sovereignty. This question is becoming ever more relevant as food sovereignty is increasingly adopted into state policy at various levels, calling for state and societal actors to redefine their terms of engagement. This article explores questions of ‘competing sovereignties’ by developing an analytical framework, using the lenses of scale, geography, and institutions, and applying it to Venezuela, where for the past 15 years a food sovereignty experiment has been underway in the context of a dynamic shift in state–society relations.     

Food Sovereignty and the Recognition of New Rights for Peasants at the UN: A Critical Overview of La Via Campesina's Rights Claims over the Last 20 Years

Abstract

This article explores how human rights framing by the transnational agrarian movement La Via Campesina (LVC) has evolved over the last 20 years. It discusses how the movement has worked towards institutionalizing new categories of rights, such as the ‘right to food sovereignty’ and the ‘rights of peasants’, thereby contributing to the creation of new human rights standards at the United Nations (UN). It also critically addresses some of the challenges the movement has been confronted with when framing its demands in terms of rights. Its overall argument is that LVC has managed to tap the potential of the rhetoric of rights to find common ground, thanks to its innovative use of non-codified rights. This has enabled activists to ‘localize’ human rights and make them meaningful to their various contexts. However, it contends that further advancing the movement's goals will require serious consideration of some of the key limits of the human rights framework.     

Global Civil Society and Its Discontents

According to enthusiasts the concept of global civil society is spreading rapidly and becoming pivotal to the reconfiguring of the statist paradigm. However, critics have recently grown more numerous and outspoken in opposition to the term claiming that it is actually perpetuating statism by grafting the idea of civil society onto the global by way of an unhelpful domestic analogy. This paper examines the role the concept is playing in perpetuating/reconfiguring statism. First it summarizes current criticism by identifying three basic accusations: the ambiguity of the term, the “domestic fallacy,” and the undemocratic effects of using it. Second, these criticisms are considered in turn and it is concluded that all three points relate, ultimately, back to the failure of the critics themselves and some global civil society theorists to move beyond a state-centered framework of interpretation. In the final section it is shown how global civil society discourse is beginning to move not only the concept of “civil society” away from its state-centred historical meanings, but also how it is contributing to changing the content of the concept of “the global.”

试论对外汉语书法课程教学与实践

在对外汉语教学中汉字书法课的课程设置和教学往往被边缘化,这就很难跟上汉语学习全球化迅猛发展的势头。书法不单是汉字教学中的写字环节,更有助于对汉字的记忆和理解,有助于中国文化的介绍和推广。因此,在对外汉语教学中,应高度重视书法教学,围绕教学目的进行课程设置,根据外国学生的文化背景划分出文化圈,并按其汉语水平的高低对书法教学内容进行有针对性的分类和分级教学;采用循序渐进和多媒体辅助的教学方式,以激发外国学生学习书法的兴趣,从而达到记忆汉字、了解中国文化和掌握更多的汉语知识的目的。     

关于“汉语热”的冷思考

与世界掀起的＂汉语热＂相比,汉语在国内引不起足够的重视。英语是强势的,汉语在全球化条件下仍处于弱势。只有意识到语言是主权、语言无优劣、语言需规范等问题,汉语才可能有效应对当前的挑战。     

孙中山国际法思想探析

孙中山的国际法思想主要表现在其力图改变中国的“半独立国家”的状况，维护国家在国际上的平等地位；提出了“不平等条约”的法律概念，对不平等条约的合法性提出质疑，并主张废除不平等条约；保护人民的生存权，平等权，财产权和人身、人格权，并第一次在中国提出了民族自决权的人权法概念。由于时代及阶级的局限性，孙中山的国际法思想更多地表现为一种政治思想和政治理念。     

略论国家主权原则与人权的国际保护之间的关系

人权的国际保护与国家主权原则之间的关系在国际上一直是一个争议颇大的问题，至今未能有一致的看法。“人权至上”的绝对人权论和强调“主权之上”的绝对主权论，都难免失之片面，国际人权保护与国家主权之间应是相互依存、相互作用的，本文是对二者之间的关系作一个初步探讨。     

试论新闻需要的内容和地位

一切新闻传播活动都源于一种新闻需要。新闻需要包括各种各样的需要,它们之间互相联系,形成一个统一的体系,推动新闻传播和新闻事业不断向前发展。在受众(读者、听众、观众、网民)需要中,新闻需要有着重要的地位,是一切新闻活动的出发点和归宿。