欧盟竞争法中环境协议的分析与借鉴

环境协议是欧盟竞争法的重要组成部分,是顺应欧盟一体化和可持续发展要求的产物。欧盟竞争法全面规定了环境协议法律构成的各项问题,众多环境协议案例也进一步论证了环境协议区别于竞争法中一般协议的法律特性。环境协议的兴起与绿色豁免的例外正是经济发展与环境保护相协调的必然产物。我国竞争法协调市场经济正常运行时也对此予以规定,并解决了一些有关绿色豁免的不正当竞争案例。但我国环境相关市场正在形成,尚未建立起较为系统的处理体系,对欧盟竞争法中环境协议法律制度的研究可以为我国环境协议制度的建立提供借鉴。     

大学生标枪运动员专项训练水平指标体系建立的初步研究

大学生运动训练由于时间的业余性，负荷的必控性，目标的近利性，因而有效、科学地加强其训练过程中的目标管理是十分重要的．本文根据调查、统计和查阅文献资料等方法对大学生标枪运动员的专项训练水平因素进行了认定，并给予量化处理．结果显示标枪训练应特别注意专项身体素质与技术素质的整合效应，对大学生应较多地进行接近技术动作结构的身体训练     

法官豁免权的存在空间及其限度——基于两大法系的比较视角

法官责任豁免的制度实践首先来自英国，并伴随着司法独立、司法权威的建设而不断完善。法官豁免权的直接目的在于保障法官行使审判权时的独立性，并最终实现公民权益的维护。目前，虽然两大法系国家法官豁免权的界限和范围不尽相同，但均确立了法官的相对豁免权。我国应借鉴法治发达国家的先进经验，在《法官法》中明确肯定法官的豁免权，并合理界定其内容和范围。     

善言感伤——浅谈《淮海词》赢得盛誉的重要原因

秦观词赢得历代词评家们的盛誉，其中一个很重要的原因，就在于他的善于塑造和表现凄怨、感伤之美的特色。这种特色使秦词更吻合于词体独具的善言凄怨、感伤的美学特征，亦使秦词在总体风貌上，比其他词家显得更加“本色”和“当行”。秦词在注重词体自身独特个性的前提下，对词境作了进一步的深化，使之更加意味深长和含蓄隽永，其成功是不应该被轻视的     

开发性国际金融组织的特权与豁免

开发性国际金融组织特权与豁免的取得有其法理依据和法律依据。作为特殊的国际组织,它们的特权与豁免的范围受到诸多限制。然而,从开发性国际金融组织的基础性协定以及特权与豁免公约的规定与实践来看,开发性国际金融组织目前所享有的特权与豁免的范围是适度的,足以有效地履行其职能并实现其宗旨。中国的法律文件对开发性国际金融组织在中国的特权与豁免做了一般性和特殊性的规定。     

Impact of Acquired Immunity and Dose‐Dependent Probability of Illness on Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

Dose‐response models in microbial risk assessment consider two steps in the process ultimately leading to illness: from exposure to (asymptomatic) infection, and from infection to (symptomatic) illness. Most data and theoretical approaches are available for the exposure‐infection step; the infection‐illness step has received less attention. Furthermore, current microbial risk assessment models do not account for acquired immunity. These limitations may lead to biased risk estimates. We consider effects of both dose dependency of the conditional probability of illness given infection, and acquired immunity to risk estimates, and demonstrate their effects in a case study on exposure to Campylobacter jejuni. To account for acquired immunity in risk estimates, an inflation factor is proposed. The inflation factor depends on the relative rates of loss of protection over exposure. The conditional probability of illness given infection is based on a previously published model, accounting for the within‐host dynamics of illness. We find that at low (average) doses, the infection‐illness model has the greatest impact on risk estimates, whereas at higher (average) doses and/or increased exposure frequencies, the acquired immunity model has the greatest impact. The proposed models are strongly nonlinear, and reducing exposure is not expected to lead to a proportional decrease in risk and, under certain conditions, may even lead to an increase in risk. The impact of different dose‐response models on risk estimates is particularly pronounced when introducing heterogeneity in the population exposure distribution.     

农产品供应链的纵向协作关系管理研究——基于双边专用性投资的视角

随着"种菜难赚钱,买菜不廉价"怪圈的出现,农产品供应链纵向协作关系问题引起相关学者的重视。从双边专用性投资的角度进行研究,发现农户与下游买方间进行双边专用性投资可以通过降低合作中的机会主义行为、提高双方的信任水平以及促进关系学习三个方面提高农户的合作绩效。双边专用性投资有利于解决农户和下游买方的合作问题,是维护农户利益的有效措施。     

“写作即翻译”与同伴反馈法结合之实证研究

同伴反馈法在英语写作教学中有着不可替代的作用,但是自身也有其局限性,为了弥补其重技巧、轻能力、指导性的不足,本文基于"同伴反馈"与"写作即翻译"教学法的结合,对学生进行了一次系统的问卷调查,并通过定量统计与定性分析,以期从现象与本质两方面了解学生对两种教学法结合的态度。结论表明:总体上学生对该教学手段持肯定态度,部分学生提出了建议,少数学生持否定或中立态度。此实验为本教学法的后期改进与完善提供了理论与数据上的参考。     

论帝王教育的特殊性与一般规律

帝王教育不同于一般的学校教育和社会教育，是一个严肃而又沉重的话题，揭示其特殊性与一般规律，有助于更好地理解帝王现象和一系列相关的社会问题     

Acquired immunity: immunosenescence and physical activity

Several lines of evidence indicate that infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders occur more frequently in elderly people, thus suggesting that altered function of immune organs and cells, such as thymus and T and B lymphocytes are of primary importance in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Furthermore, old subjects are less responsive to vaccine than younger because of immune changes. The most common changes accompanying the adaptive immune system include decrement of T and B cells proliferation, repertoire degeneracy, increase of the memory cell type, decreased numbers of naive cells, and shift from T helper₁ (Th1) to T helper₂ (Th2) response. Regular exercise in the elderly may improve the alterations in acquired immunity which follow the physiological process of aging, allowing a major resistance against external pathogens and a better quality of life.