生命原理与人口控制

平衡原理、关联原理、生命伦理是以生存原则为前提的三大生命原理.生物种群、生物量与环境容量必须保持平衡的平衡原理及平衡原理贯彻的必然性和破坏性,提供了人口控制的必然性;生物数量、体形(质量)、寿命以环境容量空-时限定为背景的相互关联,和人类作为一个"生态学悖论"的存在,表现了人口控制的紧迫性;而生命伦理,则体现了人口控制对人类和生物的道德性.     

Habitat stability and the larval mosquito community in treeholes and other containers on a temperate Island

The temporal fluctuation of water levels and the presence of mosquito larvae were investigated for four types of small container habitats (treeholes, bamboo stumps, cemetery stone vases, and cemetery stone vessels) on Kabeshima Island in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The probability that containers held water was positively correlated with the quantity of the preceding rainfall and with the depth and volume of the containers. It was estimated that dehydration occurred more regularly in autumn and winter than in summer. The probability that mosquito larvae were present in each type of container was positively correlated with habitat stability in terms of the probability of the existence of standing water and the coefficient of variation of the water level. Twelve species of mosquito larvae, including two rare predators, were found. Species composition differed between the different types of container. Although 4 to 10 species used each type of container, the median number of species per container was two for treeholes and bamboo stumps, and one for the others. The dominant species wasTripteroides bambusa in treeholes and bamboo stumps,Aedes albopictus in stone vases, andA. japonicus in stone vessels. The larval mosquito community, which lacked major predators, possessed the following features that may facilitate the coexistence of many species: (1) niche segregation amongst species in terms of their selection of container types; (2) an aggregated distribution of the individual species among containers of the same type; (3) high intraspecific mean crowding (and hence probably intense intraspecific competition) in the dominant species in each type of container; (4) independent species associations within the same type of container; and (5) low interspecific mean crowding (and hence probablynot intense interspecific competition) between species in the same type of container.     

Stability of environment and of insect populations

Summary The abundance of moths was monitored with light-traps in two sites in southern Bohemia, České Budějovice for 22 years and in Černiš for 9 years. In these sites, that are vastly different in environmental stability and predictability, stability of insect populations was studied. The amplitude of fluctuations in abundance of the insect populations, as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV), varied a great deal between species so that there was a large overlap between the two sites. Nevertheless there was a highly significant tendency for species at Černiš, the more stable site, to have smaller values of CV, i.e., to be less fluctuating. Also in species co-occurring in the two sites, the CV at Černiš tended to be smaller. Trends in abundance of individual species over time, both increases and decreases, were common in both sites and did not differ between habitats. Environmental stability begets insect population stability in terms of the amplitude of the fluctuations, but trends in time occur irrespective of stability of the habitat.     

Demographic change and response: Social context and the practice of birth control in six countries

This paper expands on Kingsley Davis’s demographic thesis of change and response. Specifically, we consider the social context that accounts for the primacy of particular birth control methods that bring about fertility change during specific time periods. We examine the relevance of state policy (including national family planning programs), the international population establishment, the medical profession, organized religion, and women’s groups using case studies from Japan, Russia, Puerto Rico, China, India, and Cameroon. Some of these countries are undergoing the second demographic transition, others the first. Despite variations in context, heavy reliance on sterilization and/or, abortion as a means of birth control is a major response in most of these countries. The key roles of the medical profession and state policy are discussed, along with the general lack of influence of religion and of women’s groups in these countries.     

Non‐Manipulable House Allocation With Rent Control

In many real‐life house allocation problems, rents are bounded from above by price ceilings imposed by a government or a local administration. This is known as rent control. Because some price equilibria may be disqualified given such restrictions, this paper proposes an alternative equilibrium concept, called rationing price equilibrium, tailored to capture the specific features of housing markets with rent control. An allocation rule that always selects a rationing price equilibrium is defined, and it is demonstrated to be constrained efficient and (group) non‐manipulable for “almost all” preference profiles. In its bounding cases, the rule reduces to a number of well‐known mechanisms from the matching literature. In this sense, the housing market with rent control investigated in this paper integrates several of the predominant matching models into a more general framework.     

焦点事件中危机边界的生成逻辑与治理路径

危机边界指区隔公共危机中利益、权利与权力关系的隐形规定,产生于风险社会情境下群体或组织的互动与博弈。现代化进程中风险的多元与异化是主体间互动与博弈失衡的重要诱因,其导致焦点事件爆发,推动政策窗口出现。而焦点事件爆发引发的社会秩序与规范的紊乱并非毫无逻辑,群体、组织或结构之间围绕利益、权利与权力展开的对抗常常借助制度、舆论实现诉求表达,从而引发边界的不断动荡、分化与重构,导致利益、权利与权力边界内涵处于混沌或失序状态。我们可以基于利益边界、权利边界和权力边界构建公共危机边界模型,并应依据焦点事件中抗争主体涉及的边界维度有针对性地提出治理策略。其中牵涉的边界类型越多元,风险等级越高,越需完善公共危机管理的政策回应机制。     

宏达公司战略成本控制模式

针对宏达公司成本管理问题,采用规范研究的方法,分析了宏达船舶配套机械制造公司战略定位、成本动因、价值链以及业务流程,对其在设计成本、研发成本和制造成本方面提出战略成本模式的改进建议。希望宏达公司成本管理能从传统的成本控制模式转变到适应新环境的战略成本控制模式。     

高等教育平等权的实现机制探析

针对高等教育平等权实现问题,探析了高等教育平等权的含义,考察了高等教育平等权的实施现状,运用行政法的控权理论与分析框架,提出应建立行政程序和司法审查的机制,控制和监督高校制定招生计划的行为,实现公民高等教育的平等权。     

国内外城市设计管控实践研究综述

城市设计管控作为城市设计运作过程中的重要环节,在指导城市建设、塑造城市空间环境品质上具有重要作用.我国城市设计发展历程不长,在不断演进过程中,需要大力借鉴和积累国外的优秀经验.该文从历史发展的角度,梳理和比较国内外城市设计管控实践发展的历程,以期为具体的城市设计管控方法提供一个宏观的参照脉络和体系.     

基于效用模型的网络拥塞定价策略

一种基于效用模型的网络拥塞定价策略引入了用户可承受价格、用户满意度等因素,建立网络拥塞控制的效用模型。可以优化网络资源分配,避免网络拥塞。在满足QoS指标的条件下,模型利用供求相互作用机制、价格调节机制等寻找用户满意度和网络性能的最佳结合点,从而对网络资源进行最优分配,并均衡网络负载。仿真实验结果验证了该策略的有效性和可行性。