关于公路工程施工组织设计规范化管理的探讨

针对我国公路工程施工组织设计中存在内容未全面规范、现代管理技术应用较差和编制手段落后等问题 ,对应用现代项目管理理论进行了剖析 ,提出了规范化管理的对策。     

The proportional hazards model: applications in epidemiology

Cox's (1972) Proportioal hazards failure time model, already widely used in the analysis of clinical trials, also provides an elegant formalization of the epidemiologic concept of relative risk. When used to compare the disease experience of a study cohort with that of an external control population, it generalizes the notions of the standardized morbidity ratio (SMR) and the proportional morbidity ratio (PMR). For studies in which matched sets of cases and controls are sampled retrospectively from the population at risk, the model provides a flexible tool for the regression analysis of multiple risk factors.     

An Improved Range Estimator of Sigma for Determining Sample Sizes

The use of a range estimator of the population standard deviation, sigma (σ), for determining sample sizes is discussed in this study. Standardized mean ranges (d_n's), when divided into the ranges of sampling frames, provide estimates of the standard deviation of the population. These estimates can be used for determining sample sizes. The d_n's are provided for seven different distributions for sampling frame sizes that range from 2 to 2000, For each of the seven distributions, functional relationships are developed such that d_n = f(n_SF) where n_SF is the size of the sample frame. From these functions, d_n's can be estimated for sampling frame sizes which are not presented in the study.     

Disruption and Reintegration

Nursing home staff often fail to recognize and deal with the disruption and distress that takes place within a family when a member is institutionalized. The disruption of family relationships and the change in physical environment represent a family crisis that engenders a great sense of loss and grief. This paper discusses institutional planning and interventive strategies that help to expedite and facilitate this process of change in the most comfortable manner possible.     

档案工作标准化、程序化的理性审视

官僚体制是现行通用的组织体制。官僚体制的理性化特征决定了档案工作的标准化、程序化特征，文章介绍了现行的档案工作标准以及档案工作标准化的意义，从官僚体制对档案工作标准化、程序化的影响进行了理性审视。     

对当前会计人员职业道德缺失的思考

会计是社会性极强的行业，会计人员职业道德水平的高低直接影响会计工作质量和形象。从会计职业道德的含义和内容入手，指出当前会计领域仍存在着会计人员职业道德观念淡薄、责任心差、谋求私利、监守自盗、违背审计原则等现象。通过对会计人员职业道德缺失的成因进行深入分析，相应地从制度规范、教育体系、监督评价体制、宣传教育等六个方面提出了提高会计人员职业道德的对策。     

A method to estimate power parameter in exponential power distribution via polynomial regression

The exponential power distribution (EPD), also known as generalized error distribution, is a flexible symmetrical unimodal family that belongs to the exponential one. The EPD becomes the density function of a range of symmetric distributions with different values of its power parameter β. A closed-form estimator for β does not exist, so the power parameter is usually estimated numerically. Unfortunately, the optimization algorithms do not always converge, especially when the true value of β is close to its parametric space frontier. In this paper, we present an alternative method to estimate β. Our proposal is based on the normal standardized Q–Q plot, and it exploits the relationship between β and the kurtosis. Furthermore, it is a direct method which does not require computational efforts nor the use of optimization algorithms.     

Optimal designs for estimating the slope of a regression

In the common linear model with quantitative predictors we consider the problem of designing experiments for estimating the slope of the expected response in a regression. We discuss locally optimal designs, where the experimenter is only interested in the slope at a particular point, and standardized minimax optimal designs, which could be used if precise estimation of the slope over a given region is required. General results on the number of support points of locally optimal designs are derived if the regression functions form a Chebyshev system. For polynomial regression and Fourier regression models of arbitrary degree the optimal designs for estimating the slope of the regression are determined explicitly for many cases of practical interest.     

Estimating changes in a multi-parameter exponential family

A two-stage procedure is studied for estimating changes in the parameters of the multi-parameter exponential family, given a sample X ₁,…,X _n. The first step is a likelihood ratio test of the hypothesis H_oof no change. Upon rejection of this hypothesis, the change point index and pre- and post-change parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood. The asymptotic (n → ∞) distribution of the log-likelihood ratio statistic is obtained under both H_oand local alternatives. The m.l.e.fs o of the pre- and post-change parameters are shown to be asymptotically jointly normal. The distribution of the change point estimate is obtained under local alternatives. Performance of the procedure for moderate samples is studied by Monte Carlo methods.     

徘徊在旧式教育与标准化教学之间——近20年中学语文现代文阅读教学检视

中学语文现代文阅读教学 2 0余年走过的路可分为三个阶段 :2 0世纪 80年代中期以前走的是传统教育的路子 ,阅读教学的立意不在阅读而在写作 ,阅读学习处于经验性习得层次 ;2 0世纪 80年代末至 90年代突出了阅读教学的独立意义 ,但其标准化教学与阅读的人文性相悖 ,扼杀了学生的灵性 ;在新旧世纪之交的语文教育大批判中 ,针对标准化教学之弊 ,出现了阅读教学再传统化的趋向 ,这趋向与 2 0世纪 90年代思想文化界的民族主义和文化保守主义思潮有着内在的关联 ,但阅读教学的再传统化并不能适应新时代的需要