Stimulus equivalence, generalization, and contextual stimulus control in verbal classes

Stimulus generalization and contextual control affect the development of equivalence classes. Experiment 1 demonstrated primary stimulus generalization from the members of trained equivalence classes. Adults were taught to match six spoken Icelandic nouns and corresponding printed words and pictures to one another in computerized three-choice matching-to-sample tasks. Tests confirmed that six equivalence classes had formed. Without further training, plural forms of the stimuli were presented in tests for all matching performances. All participants demonstrated virtually errorless performances. In Experiment 2, classifications of the nouns used in Experiment 1 were brought under contextual control. Three nouns were feminine and three were masculine. The match-to-sample training taught participants to select a comparison of the same number as the sample (i.e., singular or plural) in the presence of contextual stimulus A regardless of noun gender. Concurrently, in the presence of contextual stimulus B, participants were taught to select a comparison of the same gender as the sample (i.e., feminine or masculine), regardless of number. Generalization was assessed using a card-sorting test. All participants eventually sorted the cards correctly into gender and number stimulus classes. When printed words used in training were replaced by their picture equivalents, participants demonstrated almost errorless performances.     

在语文活动课中训练学生听说能力

语文活动课是语文教学的重要组成部分。本文针对目前语文教学及学生的现状 ,提出了如何充分发展学生的个性 ,提高学生听说能力 ,对学生进行创造性思维的培养 ,以适应新世纪对复合型人才的需求     

内地西藏班(校)藏族学生跨文化社会化的实证分析

内地西藏班(校)教育是我国民族教育史上的一项开创性举措,西藏的藏族学生在内地求学期间,其跨文化的成长经历对藏民族的现代化具有特殊意义.文章从藏族学生在内地这一跨文化环境下完成社会化过程最重要的家庭、同龄群体、学校这三个社会化主体的特殊性,分析了其预期社会化过程,并以藏族学生的自我意识为主要评价指标,得出其跨文化社会化的结果.     

中英文爱情诗中移就现象的认知阐释

针对移就现象存在多少映射方式，中英文移就在类型和认知机制上存在何种异同的问题，运用概念整合理论，以形容词移就为切入点，对比分析19世纪至20世纪中英经典爱情诗歌作品中的形容词移就现象，发现三种映射方式皆可以存在于移就现象之中，四种网络结构模型在中英文移就现象中也皆可存在，移就现象可以激起两个心理空间，移就的使用频率并不存在语言间的差异性。这些发现有助于文学爱好者、语言及文学教师理解、欣赏和阐述移就。     

Supersmooth testing on the sphere over analytic classes

We consider the nonparametric goodness-of-fit test of the uniform density on the sphere when we have observations whose density is the convolution of an error density and the true underlying density. We will deal specifically with the supersmooth error case which includes the Gaussian distribution. Similar to deconvolution density estimation, the smoother the error density the harder is the rate recovery of the test problem. When considering nonparametric alternatives expressed over analytic classes, we show that it is possible to obtain original separation rates much faster than any logarithmic power of the sample size according to the ratio of the regularity index of the analytic class and the smoothness degree of the error. Furthermore, we show that our fully data-driven statistical procedure attains these optimal rates.     

利用数据库处理多个对象间的关系

在面向对象的设计中,针对对象实体的保存和管理(增加、修改、删除、查询)较困难的问题,根据数据库管理系统的优点,提出了将数据库与对象的属性联系起来,把数据库运用到面向对象的设计中,解决从对象到数据库的存贮、从数据库到对象的恢复两个问题,再利用数据库处理面向对象的关系解决面向对象设计中类之间的多种关系和继承等独特的特性。该方法简便、实用。     

我国社会阶层的新变化对统一战线的影响

科学分析不同时期我国社会阶层的状况,历来是中国共产党制定统一战线各项方针政策的重要依据,也是建立、巩固和壮大统一战线的基本前提。新时期统一战线是工人阶级领导的,以工农联盟为基础的,全体社会主义劳动者、拥护社会主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者的最广泛的政治联盟。我国社会阶层的新变化必然对统一战线的社会基础、内部关系等产生重大影响。在新的历史时期,研究这些问题对于充分发挥统一战线的作用,全面推进小康社会建设具有重要意义。     

高校班集体建设面临的挑战与对策

分析了新形势下班集体建设面临的挑战 ,探讨了高校班集体发展的一般规律 ,对高校班集体的建设提出了相应的对策和建议     

以“中国梦”为主题开展大学班级文化建设

对"中国梦"进行理论阐释及宣传教育,不仅是中国意识形态建设的需要,更是社会主义文化繁荣和发展的需要。对此,以"中国梦"为主题开展大学班级文化建设,既是对大学生进行思想政治教育的重要内容,也是培育大学生思想文化素养的必然要求。在厘清以中国梦为主题开展大学班级文化建设内涵及功能的前提下,深入分析当前以中国梦为主题,开展大学班级文化建设面临的困境及问题,提出针对"中国梦"主题教育的现实要求。     

Characterizing the Noncancer Toxicity of Mixtures Using Concepts from the TTC and Quantitative Models of Uncertainty in Mixture Toxicity

This article explores the use of an approach for setting default values for the noncancer toxicity, developed as part of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC), for the evaluation of the chronic noncarcinogenic effects of certain chemical mixtures. Individuals are exposed to many mixtures where there are little or no toxicological data on some or all of the mixture components. The approach developed in the TTC can provide a basis for conservative estimates of the toxicity of the mixture components when compound-specific data are not available. The application of this approach to multiple chemicals in a mixture, however, has implications for the statistical assumptions made in developing component-based estimates of mixtures. Specifically, conservative assumptions that are appropriate for one compound may become overly conservative when applied to all components of a mixture. This overestimation can be investigated by modeling the uncertainty in toxicity standards. In this article the approach is applied to both hypothetical and actual examples of chemical mixtures and the potential for overestimation is investigated. The results indicate that the use of the approach leads to conservative estimates of mixture toxicity and therefore its use is most appropriate for screening assessments of mixtures.