“The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States: The Importance of College and Fertility Delay”

One of the stylized facts from the past 30 years has been the declining rate of first births before age 30 for all women and the increase rate of first births after age 30 among women with four-year college degrees (Steven P. Martin, Demography, 37(4), 523–533, 2000). What are some of the factors behind womens decision to postpone their childbearing? We hypothesize that the wage difference often observed between like-educated mothers and non-mothers (Jane Waldfogel, Journal of Labor Economics, 16, 505–545, 1998a; Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(1) 137–156, 1998b) may be affected by the postponement of childbearing until after careers are fully established. Hence, we focus on college-educated women because they are typically more career-oriented than their non-college educated counterparts and also the group most often observed postponing maternity. We use individual-level data on women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) in order to control for individual-level unobserved heterogeneity as well as human capital characteristics, such as actual work experience, in our empirical analysis. We estimate wage equations, first producing base-line results to compare to the existing literature. Then, we expand the basic wage equation model to address fundamental econometric issues and the education/fertility issue at hand. Our empirical findings are two-fold. First, we find that college-educated mothers do not experience a motherhood wage penalty at all. In fact, they enjoy a wage boost when compared to college-educated childless women. Second, fertility delay enhances this wage boost even further. Our results provide an explanation for the observed postponement of maternity for educated women. We argue that the wage boost experienced by college-educated mothers may be the result of their search for family–friendly work environments, which, in turn, yields job matches with more female-friendly firms offering greater opportunities for advancement.JEL Codes: J13 and J3     

The Relationship Between Wife’s Education and Husband’s Earnings: Evidence from 1960 to 2000

Previous research finds a positive relationship between a wife’s education and her husband’s earnings using data from the 1960s. Earlier theories suggest that benefits accrue from informational sharing between partners in a marriage. This paper tests the hypothesis that a wife’s education is positively associated with her husband’s earnings, using data from the 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 Censuses. Between 1960 and 2000, the educational attainment and labor-force participation of married women has increased dramatically. As women have embarked upon their own careers, has their education continued to be positively associated with their husbands’ earnings? Yes. The coefficient of the wife’s education remains positive and significant for all the years under study. The size of the coefficient decreases, however, from 1960 to 2000.     

"三个代表"重要思想与提高党的执政能力

本文从新的理论基础、新的思维方式、新的价值取向、新的行为选择四个方面,着重分析了"三个代表"重要思想与提高党的执政能力之间的内在联系,以期为二者关系的深入研讨提供新的视角.     

A formula for P(bi≤Ri≤ai, 1≤i≤m) under a general class of alternatives

Let X_i≤?≤X_m and Y_i≤?≤Y_n be two sets of independent order statistics from continous distributions with distribution functions F and G respectively. Let R_i denote the rank of X_i in the combined order sample. Steck (1980) has found an expression for P(b_i≤R_i≤a_i, all i) when F = h(G), h being the incomplete beta function with parameters (α,β?α+1). An alternative expression for the same probability is obtained which is computationally a substantial improvement on Steck's result.     

青年教师角色转换和教学组织的创新探析

随时代发展变化,成才要求日益提高,大学生却产生了不同程度的厌学情绪。新形势下如何更好地调动学生的积极主动性自然成了高校教学中尤为重要的课题。本文试图探析青年教师如何成功地进行角色转换和教学组织的创新,采取科学的方法,在取得教学最佳效果的同时达到塑造人才的目的。     

漫谈中学语文教师的文史哲修养

中学语文教师的责任非常重大。一个国家中学语文教师的素质高低,决定着这个国家国民的人文素养和语言文学水平。中学语文老师的诸多素质中,文史哲的修养是相当要紧的,只有文史哲修养高的中学语文教师,才能培养出人文素养和语言文学水平较好的学生。中学语文教师的哲学修养应该是,简明、精确、坚实,对历史事件、人物、时间、场地要记忆特别准确,要能写一手好字,能写好文章。     

1946-1952年土改小说创作潮流初探

土地改革小说创作潮流在20世纪四五十年代伴随着土地改革运动而起,是一种特定时代特定题材的文学书写思潮。通过史料发掘和作品重读会发现,这股声势浩大的创作潮流长期以来被研究者简化,导致土改小说创作研究长期处于滞后状态。从宏观角度来看,这股创作潮流的发生与推进,既源自延安文艺理论与运动的指引,也是广大作家对中国共产党领导下的农村土地变革之配合与跟进,从这些作品中折射出了延安文人精神层面的变化与矛盾。     

从结构化思维到整体化思维——基于生态马克思主义的中国社会发展思考

生态马克思主义以生态学与社会发展相结合的方法,批判现代资本主义社会中经济理性、人性异化,将社会发展的前景寄予"生态"的追寻之中。生态马克思主义一方面批判西方传统哲学的结构化思维方式,认为结构化思维促成了现代资本主义经济的偏执发展,弱化了社会其它层面的应有发展;一方面倡导生态马克思主义的整体化思维方式,提出建立整体化社会发展的可能路径,要求人与自然、人与社会的整体性的相互交织的共同发展。整体化思维与整体性发展的"生态式"思考,为当今中国的社会发展提供了可参考的视角,为"五位一体"的生态文明建设提供了可借鉴的路径。     

理想女性与女性理想之间:高校高学历女教师角色压力及疏解

作为"传统的现代女人",高校高学历女教师有着强烈的自我发展需求、主体意识和成就动机,但在沉重的学术压力面前她们更容易出现职业倦怠;作为"现代的传统女人",未婚的高学历女教师往往面临"结构性剩余"的境地,已婚的高学历女教师则在事业与家庭之间作着"鱼与熊掌"的艰难选择。多种角色压力归根到底是由于传统社会期待与现代价值追求的冲突,疏解这些压力要全社会共同努力,推进社会性别文化的良性发展,高学历女教师自身也要对自我作理性认知,提高对不同角色的适应能力。     

村民自治中村民政治参与探讨———基于利益与利益机制的视角简

满足政治参与需求、提升政治参与水平、增强政治组织吸引力已成为研究农民在基层民主自治组织中参与政治生活的实践课题。随着农村经济的改革与发展,农村社会利益关系逐渐分化,利益主体、利益需求呈现多元化和多样化,这阻碍了村民自治组织功能的发挥,农村社会利益分配、导向、表达、协调等方面必须相应作出调整。本文基于利益与利益机制的视角,探讨了村民自治组织中农民政治参与的实现机制、动力机制、参与机制和保障机制的建构。