Touching Behavior in Sport: Functional Components, Analysis of Sex Differences, and Ethological Considerations

Little research exists regarding sex differences in touching behavior in sport or recreational settings. This study investigates sex differences in amounts, types, and factors influencing same-sex touching in a sport context. Subjects were 119 members of four men's college varsity baseball teams and 52 members of three women's college varsity softball teams. All touches performed on-field between team members were recorded and classified using an ethogram designed for this study. As hypothesized, statistically significant differences were found in the following areas: females performed more touching behaviors than males, almost half of the behavior types observed were performed more frequently by one sex than the other, males performed touching behaviors more frequently at away than home games, females performed touching behaviors more frequently at home than away games, and females performed more touching behaviors than males after negative game events. The findings and implications are discussed in relation to the touching behavior literature, ethology, and comparative psychology.     

学龄前儿童屏幕暴露与情绪行为问题的相关性研究——睡眠时间的调节作用

为了探索屏幕活动、睡眠时间与情绪行为问题的相关性，笔者采用问卷调查的方式，向X市五所幼儿园1502名在园儿童 的家长发放自编问卷《学龄前儿童生活习惯和心理健康情况调查》，最终回收有效数据1241份。多因素逻辑回归和分组逻辑 回归的结果表明，过度屏幕暴露、缺少家长陪伴、睡眠时间不足是出现情绪与行为问题的危险因素，睡眠时间起调节作用。研 究结果表明，学龄前儿童需要合理利用电子屏幕，保证睡眠时间，预防情绪与行为问题的发生。